Exogenic and Endogenic Process 1

EXOGENIC
AND
ENDOGENIC
PROCESS
Prepared by: EZRA SHARIN M. MARATO
Landform Processes
• Endogenic (endogenous)
– Internal forces beneath or at Earth’s surface
• Mountain building (diastrophism)
• Earthquakes
• Volcanism
• Exogenic (exogenous)
– External forces
• Weathering – physical (mechanical) & chemical
• Erosion by moving water, air, or ice
2
Endogenous (endogenic) –
Exogenous (exogenic)
• Forces
from Inside
the earth
• Forces
from
outside the
earth
3
Endogenic Forces
• Plate Tectonics
• Volcanism
• Seismic action
4
Earth’s Crust & Layers
• Mantle
– Rock beneath
crust
• Tectonic plates
– Earth’s rigid
crust
• Plate movement
– Earthquakes
– Volcanoes
– Mountain
building
5
Types of Crustal Forces
• Tensional –
dragging
action
• Compres-
sional –
pulling
action
• Sheer –
oblique
action
6
Plate Boundaries
• Divergent
– Plates spreading apart
• Seafloor spreading
• Rift Valleys in Africa
• Convergent
– Plates push together
• Dense plates dive below
• Volcanic eruptions
• Transform
– Grinding of plates past each
other
• San Andreas Fault, CA 7
Convergent Boundary
• Oceanic plate meets oceanic plate, and

an island arc develops.
8
Convergent Boundary
• Oceanic plate
meets
continental
plate and a
volcanic
mountain chain
forms on the
continental plate
9
Earthquakes
• Focus
– Place of actual
movement
• Epicenter
– Surface directly
above focus
• Seismograph
– Recording device for
seismic waves
– Richter Scale, 1935
• Seismic waves
– Recordable vibrations 10
Volcanoes: Most frequent along
subduction zones.
• Magma
– Molten rock below the Earth’s surface
• Lava
– Molten rock reaching Earth’s surface
• Volcano
– Surface vent for lava
11
Volcanoes
12
Volcano Type: Shield
Volcano
• Runny lava – low

relief
• Basalt rock
• Mauna Loa,
Hawaii
13
• Sedate
Volcano Type: Strato-
volcano
• Composite cone volcanoes (strato-volcanoes)
– Krakatau in Indonesia, largest
– Ash, pyroclasts, sulfurous gas
– Explosive
– High relief
Normal & Reverse Faults
Normal Fault Reverse

Types of Faults – seismic
activity
• Normal fault
• Reverse fault
• Left slip fault
• Right slip fault

16
Earthquakes and Volcanoes can
Trigger Tsunamis
17
Rocks & Landforms
• 3 influences
– Crust movement = Landform creation
(endogenic)
– Rock movement
• Reactions to crustal stresses
• Weak (greatly affected by weathering & erosion)
• Strong (less affected by weathering & erosion)
– Mineral composition of rocks affects soils
• Also affects the degree to which it can be
weathered and the type of weathering to which it is
most susceptible.
18
Exogenic Forces
• Weathering
• Erosion – reaction to the force of gravity
overcoming inertia
– Mass wasting
– Moving water
– Moving air
– Moving ice (glaciers)
• Deposition – the flip side of erosion
19
Weathering
• Process of breaking rock into pieces

• First step in formation of soil
– Chemical weathering,
• Process of breaking down rock by:
– Exposure to air and water
– Acids released by decaying vegetation
– Oxidation
– Leaching
– Decomposition of calcium carbonate
– Mechanical weathering
• Process of rocks breaking down by physical force
20
Weathering and Climate
• The combinations of temperature and

precipitation affect the speed and extent of
weathering. 21
Movement of Weathered Material
• Mass movement (Mass wasting)

– Slow gradual movement occurring near the surface,
soil creep
– Dramatic movements such as rock slides, landslides
and mudflows
• Surface erosion
– Caused mostly by rainfall
– Runoff (overland flow)
22
Karst Topography Development
• St. Louis, MO, is located in a karst area. 23

Diagram of Karst Features
• When large caverns collapse, large depressions are

24
formed
Sinkhole Illinois
Karst Features
Vietnam
UK
25
Springs
Erosion from Human Activity
• Faster than that which occurs geologically

– Accelerates natural processes
• Sharply increase amount of sediment in streams
– Increasing the possibility of and extent of flooding.
• Major contributors include:
– Deforestation – clear-cutting in particular
– Agricultural development
– Urban development – particularly choosing land not well
suited for development, i.e., floodplains
26
Human-enhanced erosion by water
Homes in
danger
27
Sea surges undercut
FLOODPLAINS
• Floodplains are
not appropriate
places for
intensive,
expensive
Appropriate uses of developments.
floodplains include
farming, wildlife
preserves, parks,
recreation areas for
camping boating, etc.
28
WIND ACTION
Wind is most active in arid

regions, but never as
important as water in
altering the earth surface
and creating landforms
29
Wind Speed
• As the wind speed

increases, larger particles
can be carried by the
wind (erosion)
• As the wind speed

decreases, larger
particles begin to settle to
the surface first
(deposition) 30
Coastal Erosion
• Waves
– Form of energy traveling horizontally along the
boundary between water and air
• Longshore currents
– Currents traveling parallel to the shore, caused by
repeated breaking of waves. Capable of carrying
enormous amounts of sediment
• Sea-level change
– Continuing to rise as seawater volume increases from
glacial melting
– Causes increased erosion as waves break closer to
shore
31
Oceans, Waves, & Gradation
• Wave
action
erodes and
builds the
coastal
margins of
islands and
continents
32
DEGRADATION PROCESSES:
WEATHERING,
MASS WASTING,
EROSION AND
TRANSPORTATION
Relationship:
Weathering
Mass Wasting
Erosion
and
Transportation
Together,
these processes are
responsible for
Denudation
of Earth’s surface

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EXOGENIC

• Oceanic plate meets oceanic plate, and

• Runny lava – low

Normal Fault Reverse

• Left slip fault

• Right slip fault

• Process of breaking rock into pieces

• The combinations of temperature and

• Mass movement (Mass wasting)

• St. Louis, MO, is located in a karst area. 23

• When large caverns collapse, large depressions are

• Faster than that which occurs geologically

Wind is most active in arid

• As the wind speed

• As the wind speed

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