The Parametic Test of Significance Test T - Distribution

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The Parametric Test of Significance

Test
t- Distribution

BS INFOTECH 4A
Parametric Test

The parametric test is the hypothesis test which provides


generalisations for making statements about the mean of the parent
population. A t-test based on Student’s t-statistic, which is often used
in this regard.
T-Distribution is a continuous
probability distribution. It is
What is used when sample sizes are
smaller than the normal

T-Distribution? distribution, say less than 30.

This method identifies the disparity


between the sample and population
means when the population standard
deviation is unknown.
T-Distribution in Statistics
Explained

William Sealy Gosset introduced the T-Distribution in statistics as a probability analysis


method in 1908. It is applied to cases with small sample sizes and obscure
standard deviation (population).
T-Distribution in Statistics Explained

Properties of T-Distribution differentiate it from the other kinds of


probability distributions:

• The T-Distribution or student T-Distribution forms a symmetric bell-


shaped curve with fatter tails.
• Its mean comes out to be zero.
• The value of the distribution ranges between -∞ and ∞.
• It is symmetrical, bell-shaped distribution, similar to the standard
normal curve.
T-Distribution in Statistics Explained

Properties of T-Distribution differentiate it from the other kinds of


probability distributions:

• Compared to standard normal distributions, students’ T-Distribution is


highly dispersed. However, in the case of larger sample sizes, i.e., n ≥ 30,
it resembles a normal distribution.
• As high as the degrees of freedom (df), the closer this distribution will
approximate a standard normal distribution with a mean of 0 and a
standard deviation of 1.
Let us have a look at the T-Distribution graph:

As the degrees of freedom (total


number of observations minus 1)
increases, the t-distribution will
get closer and closer to matching
the standard normal distribution,
a.k.a. the z-distribution, until they
are almost identical.

T-Distribution | What It Is and How To Use It (With Examples) (scribbr.com)


Let us have a look at the T-Distribution graph:

Steps to Calculate T Hypothesis Test


• State the claim of the test and determine the null hypothesis and alternative
hypothesis
• Determine the level of significance
• Calculate degrees of freedom
• Find the critical value
• Calculate the test statistics
• Make a decision, the null hypothesis will be rejected if the test statistic is in the
rejection region
• Finally, interpret the decision in the context of the original claim.
Degrees of Freedom

Variance is derived using the degree of freedom


for the given data series. It is computed as
sample size minus 1:

df = n – 1

Here,
• ‘df’ is the degree of freedom;
• ‘n’ is the sample size.
The value derived from the above formula is the t-score. Then, the value of the t-score and the degree of freedom are
used to determine the p-value or probability using the T-Distribution table. This way, the chance of getting the desired
outcome is determined.
DISPLAY T-DISTRIBUTION
TABLE

Statistics Notes Fall 2020.pdf (cuny.edu)


FORMULA

• x̄ is the sample mean;


• μ is the population mean;
• s is the standard deviation;
• n is the sample size.
EXAMPLE
ONE SAMPLE T-TEST
EXAMPLE

According to the American health association, a pregnant


Given:
woman’s average blood pressure is 120 mm Hg. Collected 15
• x̄ = ?
random samples from pregnant women to check the sample blood
• μ = 120
pressure is different from accepted standard blood pressure.
• s=?
• n = 15
• Significance level:
α=0.05
• df= 14
Significance level: α=0.05
degrees of freedom = n-1
= 14
Calculate the Critical Value

If the calculated t value is less than -2.145 or greater than 2.145, then reject the null
T-test X̅ = 1845/15 =123
n= 15
X X- (X-
̅ X̅ X̅ )

752
15-1

= 7.32

1845 752
1.59 < 2.145
Accept Null Hypothesis
Interpretation of the Result
Compare t calc to t critical . In hypothesis testing, a critical value is a point on the test distribution
compares to the test statistic to determine whether to reject the null hypothesis. The calculated t statistic
value less than the critical value, hence we failed to reject null hypothesis.
INDEPENDENT SAMPLE T-
TEST
INDEPENDENT
SAMPLE T-TEST

Students t-test is used to compare the mean of two groups of


samples. It helps evaluate if the means of the two sets of data are
statistically significantly different from each other.
FORMULA
Example: Dogs are fed with two different diets. Test if the two diets differ significantly as regards their
effect on their weight. Assuming the population variance is unequal, at 95% confidence level, is there
enough evidence to support the claim?

Null Hypothesis (H0) : The mean dog weights are the same with
Diet 1 and Diet 2

Alternative Hypothesis (H1) : The mean dog weights are not the
same with Diet 1 and Diet 2

Significance level: α=0.05


10
10
Calculate mean (X̅ ) of each sample

X̅ 1 = 244/10
=24.4
X̅ 2 = 200/10
=20
Calculate variance of Diet 1
Calculate variance of the Diet 2 sample
2
Calculate the degrees of freedom

= 2.56 = 5.62
Find the critical value

df = 16
Significance level: α=0.05

If the calculated t value is less than -2.120 or greater than 2.120, then reject the null hypothesis.
TEST STATISTICS
1.538 < 2.120
Accept Null Hypothesis

Calculated t statistic value is less than the critical value and it is not in the rejection region, hence we failed
to reject the null hypothesis ( H0). So, the mean dog weights are the same with Diet 1 and Diet 2.
PAIRED T-TEST
PAIRED T-TEST

Whenever two distributions of the variables are highly correlated,


they could be pre and post-test results from the same people. In
such cases, we use the paired samples t-test.
What are the hypotheses of a paired t-test?

There are two possible hypotheses in a paired t-test.

• The null hypothesis (H0) states that there is no significant difference


between the means of the two groups.
• The alternative hypothesis (H1) states that there is a significant
difference between the two population means, and that this difference is
unlikely to be caused by sampling error or chance.
FORMULA
Example: Operator 1 is checking the same dimension on the same sample of 10 parts. Below are the results. Is there a
significant operator measurement error? Test at the 5% significance level.

Solution Details:

n = 10

DF (degrees of freedom) = n-1 ;


10-1 = 9

Significance level = 5%
Compute the mean difference (x̅ – µ)

µ (mean of the first test) = 59.5


x̅ (mean of the new test) = 60.2

x̅ -µ = 60.2-59.5
= 0.7
Calculate the difference of each observation in two groups
Calculate the standard deviation of differences (s)

S= = =
Compute the t-statistic
Given:

n = 10

t= = = 0.805
Determine T Critical Value

df = n - 1
= 10 - 1
=9
Significance level = 5%

tc = 2.262
t = 0.805
tc = 2.262

0.805 < 2.262


Accept Null Hypothesis

The t calculated is not in the rejection region. Hence, we fail to reject the null hypothesis and say that there
is no difference between the two mean values.
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