THE THIRD MEETING OF

ENGLISH COURSCE
BY
IR.SERMAN NIKOLAUS, M. Sc.
ADJECTIVE, COMPARASION DEGREE OF ADJECTIVE,
DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVE &DEMONSTRATIVE
PRONOUN
UNIT 4. ADJECTIVE (Kata Sifat)
A. Function of Adjective (Fungsi Kata Sifat)
The functions of adjective are:
1. To describe of a Noun: tall boy, rich man, beautiful girl, (MD =
Menerangkan mendahului yang Diterangkan )
2. As the verb of a sentence which does not have the verb. It is
mentioned predicative adjective. For example: My father is old
(old sebagai predikat dari my father). The floor is clean (clean
sebagai predikat dari the floor).
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Some examples of adjective:
Tall Big Small White Red Wide Large Short Long Far Near, dll.
B. How to Form Adjective:
1. Adding –y to the Noun: Win – Windy Sun – Sunny Shad – Shady Cloud
– Cloudy Greed – Greedy.
2. Adding –ative to the Verb: Talk – Talkative Inform – Informative
Norm – Normative
3. Adding –ive to the Verb: Attract – Attractive Interact – Interactive
Communicate – Communicative Innovate –
Innovative.
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4. Adding –able to the Verb: Forget – Forgettable Enjoy – Enjoyable
Comfort – Comfortable.
5. Adding –ful to the Verb: Care – Careful Joy – Joyful Forget – Forgetful
Beauty - Beautiful
6. Adding –less to the Noun: Home – Homeless Speech – Speechless
Word – Wordless Care – Careless Sound –
Soundless
7. Adding –ous to the Adjective: Danger – Dangerous Glory – Glorious
Glamor – Glamorous Libel – Libelous
Monotone – Monotonous Homogene –
Homogeneous.
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8. Adding –ish to the Noun: Girl – Girlish Grey – Greyish Self – Selfish
Red – Reddish Slave – Slavish.
9. Adding –ent/-ant to the Verb: Differ – Different Ignore – Ignorant
Tolerate – Tolerant Compete – Competent
10. Adding –al/-cal to the Noun: Ideology – Ideological Logic – Logical
Physic - Physical
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C. Kinds of Adjective (Jenis Adjective)
There are some kinds of adjective as follows:
1. Proper Adjective
2. Descriptive Adjective
3. Quantitative Adjective
4. Numerical Adjective
5. Demonstrative Adjective
6. Distributive Adjective
The Explanation of Each Kind of Adjective:
1. Proper Adjective: adalah kata sifat yang menyebutkan nama diri;
Examples: an American Culture an Indonesian flag a Javanese
dance.
The way to form the Proper Adjective:
a. Menambahkan –n setelah Noun Dasar: America – American
Australia – Australian Africa – African Indonesia – Indonessian
Korea – Korean.
b. Menambahkan –an setelah Noun Dasar: Troy – Trojan
Mohammed – Mohammedan Europe – European Fiji - Fijian
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c. Menambahkan –ian setelah Noun Dasar: Brazil – Brazilian Christ –
Christian Mongol – Mongolian.
d. Menambahkan –i setelah Noun Dasar: Iraq – Iraqi Israel – Israeli.
2. Descriptive Adjective: adalah adjective yang mendeskripsikan benda
yang disifati. Examples: a beautiful girl a clever boy a new car
3. Quantitative Adjective: adalah adjective yang menujukkan kuantitas.
Examples: much water little bread some sugar any food enough
money whole class half hour.
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4. Numerical Adjective: adalah adjective yang bersifat menunjukkan
angka atau banyaknya benda. Ada dua macam adjective numerical:
a. Definite Numerical Ajective: angkanya jelas dinyatakan, bisa
cardinal, ordinal, atau multiplicative.
Cardinal: One, Two, Three, Four, Five, Six, Seven, Eight, Nine, Ten,
dll. Examples: One Book Two Persons Four lags Five
Horses
Ordinal: First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth
Ninth, Tenth, dll.
Examples:
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Multiplicative: One only, single twofold, double, duple
threefold, treble, triple fourfold, quadruple
fivefold, quintuple sixfold, sixtuple sevenfold,
septuple eightfold octuplet ninefold, nonuple
tenfold, decuple hundredfold,centuple
b. Indefinitive Numerical Adjective: Adjective yg tidak menyebutkan
angkanya secara pasti atau tidak jelas: All, some, enough, no, many,
few, several. Misalnya: all students, some teachers, no girls, many
women, several days, few weeks.
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5. Demonstrative Adjective: adalah kata tunjuk yang berfungsi sebagai sifat
atau memberi sifat/menerangkan pada benda yang ditunjuk.
Examples: This book (this menerangkan buku)
That girl (that menerankan girl)
These boys (these menerangkan boys)
Those houses (those menerangkan houses)
6. Distributive Adjective: adalah kata sifat yang bersifat mendistribusikan
benda yang disifati. Each, every, either, dan neither
Examples: Each student has a pen
Every boy has to come on time.
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D. Position of Adjective (Posisi adjective)
Posisi adjective adalah:
1. Sebelum Noun; Examples: new bag, beautiful girl, handsome boy, this book, that
lion, which boy, my dog.
2. Setelah kata kerja tertentu seperti feel, look, become, smell, sound, get;
Examples: He feels happy, Mr. Iding becomes rich, She looks sad, It sounds good,
The food smells good, dll.
3. Adjective yang berakhiran –ed umumnya diletakan setelah link verb: She felt
bored, The policeman seemed to be annoyed.
4. Ada beberapa adjective yang letaknya hanya didepan kata benda; northern,
southern, eastern, western.
They live in the eastern district, bukan The District they live in is eastern.
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5. Kadang adjective memiliki makna berbeda karena beda tempat atau posisi.
A small farmer = a man who has a small farm.
The farmer is small = a man who is farmer is not big or tall.
E. Order of Adjective (Urutan adjective)
Adjective ada yang tergolong general opinion (gambaran umum) dan ada yang
tergolong specific opinion (gambaran khusus).
Yang tergolong general opinion: good, beautiful, bad, nice, dll.
Yang tergolong specific opinion: Tasty, delicious untuk menerangkan food. Comfortable,
unconfortable untuk menerangkan furniture
Clever, intelligent untuk menerangkan people,
animals.
Kalau dua adjective sama-sama ditempatkan di depan sebuah kata benda, maka yang
general opinion diletakan di depan specific opinion. A lovely intelligent dog. Nice and
tasty fried rice.
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Jika ada dua adjective dari kelompok yang sama diberi ‘and’ di antara
ajective tersebut. I have blue and red balloons. I met an
Italian and an American girl in the zoo.
Jika ada tiga adjective atau lebih dari kelompok yang sama, diberi coma
di antara adjective. They live in a big green, white, and brown
house in Jakarta.
Jika ada tiga atau lebih adjective (namun sanagat jarang atau tak lazim)
yang menerangkan kata benda, susunannya sebaagai berikut:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
General Specific Size Shape Age Color Nationality Material
opinion opinion
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UNIT 5. COMPARISON DEGREE OF ADJECTIVE (Perbandingan Kata Sifat)
Comparison degree of adjective maksudnya adalah bentuk
perbandingan kata sifat yang terdiri dari: tingkat kata sifat asli, tingkat
lebih, dan tingkat paling.
A. Comparative dan Superlative
Untuk membentuk comparative (tingkat lebih … dari pada)
menggunakan pola adjective +er atau more+ adjective dan superlative
(paling …) menggunakan pola the+ adjective +est atau the most + adjective.
Adjective Comparative Superlative
Slow Slower the slowest
Interesting More Interesting the most interesting
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Ketentuan pembentukan comparative dan superlative Adjective:
1. Adjective satu suku kata, comparativenya ditambah –er dan superlatinya
ditambah –est.
Examples: Tall taller (than) (the) tallest
Thin thinner (the) thinnest
Keterangan:
Adjective satu suku kata terdiri dari satu vocal dan berakhiran satu kosonan,
konsonannya didobelkan.
Thin thinner (than) (the) thinnest
Fat fatter (than) (the) fattest
Big bigger (than) (the) biggest, dll.
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2. Adjective dua suku kata berakhiran “Y”, Y diganti I kemudian ditambar –
er dan superlativenya ditambah –est.
Easy easer (than) (the) easiest
Lazy lazier (than) (the) laziest
3. Adjective dua suku kata berakhiran less, ful, dan some, comparativenya
ditambah more … than, dan superlativenya ditambah the most.
Careless more careless (the) most careless
Painful more painful (the) most painfull
Handsome more handsome (the) most handsome
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4. Adjective tiga suku kata atau lebih, comparativenya ditambah more dan untuk superlativenya ditambah the
most.
Beautiful more beautiful (than) (the) most beautiful
Difficult more difficult (than) (the) most difficult
Complicated more complicated (than) (the) most complicated
Interesting more interesting (than) (the) most interesting
5. Pengecualian degree of comparition:
Good better (than) (the) best
Bad worse (than) (the) worst
Far farther (than) (the) farthest (hanya untuk jarak)
Futher (than) (the) furthest (hanya untuk luas)
Old elder (than) (the) eldest (hanya untuk orang)
older (than) (the) oldest (untuk orang dan benda
Littlle less (than) (the) least
Much more (than) (the ) most)
Many more (than) (the) most
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B. Equality Adjective (Tingkat Kesetaraan Adjective)
1. Untuk menunujukkan kesamaan adjective kita gunakan bentuk as +
adjective + as, seperti as good as, as tall as, as strong as, as beautiful as,
dll. Di Indonesia se …, baik, tinggi, kuat, cantik, dll.
Examples: Nikita Willy is as beautiful as Karina. Indonesia is as big as
China. Arial Tatum is as Cinta Laura. His house is as new as
your house. This jacket is expensive as those houses. Noah
is as fomus as Smash.
2. Jika kalimat berbentuk negative formulasinya berupa: so + adjective + as.
Indonesia is not so big as China and
Indoesia is not so big as china
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Arial Tatum is not so young as Yuki atau Arial Tatum is not as young as
Yuki.
His house is not so new as your house, atau His house is not as new as
your house.
This jacket is not as cheap as that shirt atau This jacket is not as
cheap as that shirt.
Noah is not so famous as Smas atau Noah is not as famous as Smas.
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C. Parallel Increase (Peningkatan yang parallel)
Bentuk ini digunakan untuk menyatakan peningkatan yang parallel
dengan menggunakan pola: the + comparative adjective … the
comparative (semakin … semakin …), misalnya semakin cepat
semakin baik.
Do you need a cheap car? Yes, the cheaper the better. (Semakin
murah semakin baik).
Shall we finish this job today? Yes, the sooner the better (Semakin
cepat, semakin baik).
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D. Gradual Increase or Decrease (Peningkatan atau Penurunan yang bertahap).
Untuk menyatakan tahapan peningkatan atau penurunan menggunakan
pola: comparative + and + comparative (semakin …).
The food is getting higher and higher (semakin tinggi)
His illness is getting worse and worse (Sekain parah)
Untuk comparative yang ditambah more, more and more+ adjective.
The girl is more and more beautiful (Semakin cantik, bertambah
cantik).
The volcano is more and more dangerous (Semakin bahaya, bertambah
bahaya).
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E. Comparison with Like and alike (Perbandingan dengan like dan alike).
“Like dan Alike” bisa juga digunakan untuk membandingkan
sesuatu atau orang yang artinya “Seperti atau Mirip”. Perbedaan
antara like dan alike dalam comparison adalah kalau “like” diletakan
diletakan sebelum noun yang dibandingkan, sedangkan “alike”
diletakan sesudah noun.
Examples: Vian is very like Gilang. Vian and Gilang are very alike.
Apples are like pears. Apples and Pears are alike.
Novela is like a professional singer. Novela and
Professional singer are alike.
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F. Comparison with As (Perbandingan dengan As)
Perbandingan dengan “as” biasanya digunakan dalam kalimat
perintah atau saran.
Examples: Do as we do!
Why don’t you walk as we do?
Why don’t you dance as she does?
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UNIT 6. DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVE & DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN
(Kata Tunjuk Adjective dan Pronoun)
Demonstrative adjective adalah kata tun
juk yang berfungsi sebagai sifat, dan demonstrative pronoun
adalah kata tunjuk yang berfungsi sebagai pengganti benda yang
ditunjuk. Demonstrative adjective dan demonstrative pronoun
terdiri dari this – that untuk benda tunggal dan these – those
untuk benda jamak.
Bedanya, kalau demonstrative adjective diikuti benda, sedangkan
demonstrative pronoun tidak diikuti benda.
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Demonstrative Adjective Demonstrative Pronoun

This This
That That
These Noun (kata benda) These Tanpa Noun (kata benda)
Those Those
This book is good This is a book
I like this this novels That sounds good
They like that hat I like these
This apple is expensive Those are mine
She wanted those hats These are yours
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A. Demonstrative Adjective
Demonstrative adjective adalah kata tunjuk yang berfungsi sebagi sifat,
yang menerangkan benda yang mengikutinya sebagai fungsi adjective
pada umumnya. Demonstrative adjective selalu diikuti benda.
1. This – These
a. This artinya ini, untuk benda tunggal (dekat)
This book is new. This house is new. I want to by this car.
b. These artinya ini, untuk benda jamak (dekat
These books are new. These houses are expensive. I wan to see these
cars
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2. That – Those
a. That artinya itu, untuk benda tunggal (jauh):
That ruler is long. That car is new. That house is big.
b. Those artinya itu, untuk benda jamak (jauh):
Those rulers are long. Those boys are funny. Those cars are new.
B. Demontrative Pronoun
Demonstrative pronoun adalah kata tunjuk yang berfungsi sebagai
pronoun. Kata ini menggantikan kata benda yang ditunjuk. Pada
demonstrative pronoun, kata bendanya tidak perlu ditulis atau
disebutkan.
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1. This – These
a.This artinya ini, untuk benda tunggal (dekat):
This is a book. This is a new house. I wanto buy this.
b. These artinya ini, untuk benda jamak (dekat)
These are new books. These are expensive houses. She gave these.
2. That – Those
b.That artinya itu, untuk benda tunggal (jauh)
That is long ruler. That is new car. That is a big house.
b. Those artinya itu, untuk benda jamak (jauh)
Those are long rulers. Those are funny boys. Those are not yours.