Hiv 101-2018

The Basics of STI,
HIV and AIDS
1
Philippine National AIDS Council
Session Objectives
At the end of the module, the
participants should be able to:
▲ Define and differentiate STI, HIV, and AIDS

▲ Explain how HIV is transmitted from one
person to another
▲ Correct misconceptions about how HIV is
acquired
▲ Discuss how HIV affects the body
▲ Learn how HIV and AIDS can be prevented
as well as treated and managed
2
What is STI?
It is an infection
primarily transmitted
through sexual contact,
but may also be
transmitted through
non-sexual means
Source of graphic: the-sticlinic.com
3
Common STIs
Skin
Bacterial Viral Protozoal Fungal
Parasites
 Gonorrhea  Genital herpes  Trichomonas  Candidiasis  Pubic Lice
 Syphilis  Genital warts  Scabies
 Genital passed on by
 Chlamydia close body
molluscum contact & do
 Chancroid
not require
 HIV actual
penetrative
 Hepatitis B * intercourse
4
Common Signs and Symptoms of STI
Pain passing urine Severe itchiness Pain
Yellowish/abnormal Ulcerations Abdominal pain

discharge
5
Common Bacterial STI: Gonorrhea
♠ Caused by bacteria called
neisseria gonorrheae
♠ Usual incubation period is
3 to 7 days
♠ Can be spread through
sexual contact
♠ Can affect genitals, throat
and anus
Symptoms
♠ Yellowish/ Purulent
discharge (tulo)
♠ Pelvic inflammation in
women
♠ Scrotal swelling in men
6
Common Bacterial STI: Chlamydia
♠ Caused by chlamydia
trachomatis
♠ Can infect the cervix,
urethra, rectum, throat
and eyes
♠ Also known as the
silent STI
Symptoms
♠ Pelvic inflammation
♠ Discharge
♠ Scrotal swelling in men
7
Common Bacterial STI: Syphilis
♠ Caused by spirochete treponema
pallidum
♠ Chronic systemic disease (9-90 days)
♠ The organism moves through skin or
mucus membrane and into the
bloodstream
♠ Can be transmitted through mother to
child, blood transfusion, sexual contact
Source: Robert Taylor MD at
www.healthac.org
Symptom
♠ Lesions
8
Common Viral STI: Genital Warts
♠ Caused by Symptoms
human papilloma ♠ Lesions
virus (HPV) ♠ Warty growths
♠ Transmitted
directly from skin
to skin during
sexual contact
9
Common Viral STI: Genital Herpes
♠ Caused by Symptoms
herpes ♠ Multiple, painful
simplex virus 2 shallow ulcers
♠ Incubation ♠ Painful urination
period is 2-12
days
10
STI Key Messages
• Every sexual activity is an opportunity to
get variety of STIs. Condoms do not cover
everything!
• Co-infection and multiple infections are

common;
• Some STI may have signs and symptoms,

others may not. Even if you don’t have
signs and symptoms, you can still
transmit the infections and they can
continue to damage your health.
11
STI Key Messages
• If you have STI and are sexually active,
you have exposed your partner/s, and if
your partner/s is/are not treated, you will
get the STI back again.
• Do not self-medicate, you need the right

drug for infection, don’t risk yourself to
take fake drugs, don’t use your friend’s
drug;
• Having an STI makes getting and passing

on HIV easier.
12
STI Key Messages
• Complete the treatment even if you feel
better and the symptoms disappear.
Untreated or incompletely treated STI can
lead to complications;
• Having STI can become serious when you

have HIV. Having both STI and HIV can
complicate your treatment;
• STIs can be passed from mother to child

and can cause serious illness or birth
defects;
13
STI Key Messages
• Get checked if you have Hepatitis B. get
vaccinated so you are protected. You will
need to complete the whole cause of
injections and go for a post vaccination
check-up so you can be sure that you are
protected.
14
What Is HIV?
This virus can only infect
HUMAN human beings
The effect of the virus is to

IMMUNO- create a deficiency (a failure
to work properly) within the
DEFICIENCY body’s immune system
This organism is a retro virus,

VIRUS which means it can reproduce
itself by taking over the
machinery of the human cell
Source: UNAIDS. Training manual on HIV & AIDS for Catholic Church pastoral workers. Makati: UNAIDS. 2007.
15
How HIV Affects the Immune
System
http://whatnext.tht.org.uk/simplescience/ourimmunesystem/ 16
Chain of HIV Infection
Infectious agent:
HIV
Susceptible Reservoir:
host: Humans
Humans
Portal of ENTRY: Modes of transmission:

Lining of the vagina, Sex Portal of EXIT:
rectum, and opening of the Injection Drug Use Blood
urethra in males; Mother to Child Semen
Wounds or breaks in the Other transfer of body Vaginal Fluid
skin fluid Breast milk
17
Body Fluids Known To
Transmit HIV:
BLOOD
SEMEN
VAGINAL/CERVICAL FLUID
BREASTMILK
ANAL FLUID (WHO)
18
Progression of HIV Infection
Status of
Immune
System INTRODUCTION OF
TREATMENT (OI/ARV)
HIV AIDS
DEATH
Infection Condition
0
Asymptomatic Symptomatic
Window period Stage Stage
(3 wks – 6 mos) No signs and With signs and
symptoms symptoms 19
What Is AIDS?
ACQUIRED The infection may be transmitted
from one person to another
IMMUNE The immune system is compromised
The body can no longer fight off

DEFICIENCY infections; individual may suffer from
two or more opportunistic infections
SYNDROME A person experiences a collection of

symptoms which could be fatal
Source:
UNAIDS. Training manual on HIV & AIDS for Catholic Church pastoral workers.
20
What Is An Opportunistic
Infection?
It is an infection or malignancy that

attacks the body by taking advantage of
an immune system that has been
severely weakened by an advanced HIV
infection
Source: Avert.org
21
Examples of Opportunistic Infections
Lung infection
(ex. tuberculosis and Pneumonia)
Fungal infections
Swollen lymph nodes
Photos from World Vision,

COH
22
HIV Transmission Risk 1:
Sexual transmission of HIV
Source of illustration: DOH, Remedios AIDS

Foundation, UNICEF
23
Infected Blood and

blood products
► Blood transfusion from
Source: DOH, Remedios AIDS
an HIV-infected donor
Foundation, UNICEF & sharing of infected
syringes and needles
24
Mother to Child
From an
HIV-
infected
mother to
her child
►natural ► breast-
► During delivery feeding
pregnancy
25
Activities That Do Not Allow HIV
Transmission

Casual contacts (sharing food and
utensils, shaking hands, hugging or kissing,
coughing, sneezing, using public phone,
visiting a hospital)
 Feces, urine, saliva, sweat, tears
 Donating blood
 Sharing toilets
 Insect bites
 Swimming
pools
Sources of illustrations: DOH, Remedios AIDS
Foundation, UNICEF; UNODC
26
Prevention
How can I
protect myself
from HIV?
27
Breaking the Chain of HIV Infection
Infectious agent:
HIV
Susceptible Reservoir:
host: Humans
Humans
Break the chain
to prevent infection
Portal of ENTRY: Modes of

Lining of the transmission: Portal of EXIT:
vagina or rectum, Sex Blood
Injection Drug Use Semen
upper digestive
Mother to Child Vaginal Fluid
tract in infants, or
Other transfer of Breast milk
breaks in the skin blood
28
ABCDE of Prevention
ABSTINENCE: Do not have sex. In the case
of adolescents, delaying sexual debut (age
of first sexual encounter) will help.
BE monogamous: Have ONE sexual partner
Correct and consistent use of CONDOM

and safer sex practices
DO NOT inject drugs
Education & Early detection
29
Preventing HIV Transmission
Thru Blood & Blood Products
Blood safety Universal Harm reduction

programs precautions program WV-COH
Slide (S2.2) 26 30
Preventing HIV Transmission from
HIV-Positive Mother to Baby
HIV-positive women can still give
birth to HIV-negative babies if they
follow certain precautions:
► Take ARVs during pregnancy

► Deliver the baby thru caesarian
operation
► Use infant formula instead of
breast milk
31
Remember…!
♠ Drug use and excessive alcohol intake can impair
an individual’s decision-making process, putting
him/her in a situation where infection may occur.
♠ The risk of HIV transmission can be reduced if

individuals would change their risky behaviors
and practices.
♠ Education is important. People should be provided

with correct, accurate, and reliable information on
how they can protect themselves from HIV.
32
Exposure
It is the event that

lays a person open
to or puts him in real
danger of acquiring
HIV.
33
How will i
know if i
am HIV
positive?
34
HIV Anti-Body Testing
A person’s HIV
status can only
be determined
through HIV
antibody testing
Source: Microsoft, Clipart
35
Access to HIV Screening
♦ Voluntary counseling & testing

(VCT) – individuals willing to
undergo testing of their own free
will
♦ Provider-initiated counseling &
testing (PICT) – a situation where
doctors encourage patients to
undergo testing
Source of illustration: DOH, Remedios AIDS
Foundation, UNICEF
36
Client-Initiated Counseling & Testing
HIV testing is
strictly
voluntary,
confidential,
and must be
accompanied
by pre- and
post-test
counselling
Photo from World Vision
37
HIV Testing
Pre-test counselling
Screening Test Confirmatory

HIV antibody detection: Test (if positive)
Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent
- Western Blot or Immunoblot
Assay –(ELISA)
HIV antigen Test
Post-test counselling
38
HIV Testing Facilities
♠ Social hygiene clinics

♠ DOH-licensed OFW clinics
♠ Accredited HIV counseling & testing
centers (private and public facilities)
♠ Treatment hubs (ex. PGH, San Lazaro
Hospital, RITM
39
What if I
test
positive?
40
♠ Seek early medical treatment
♠ Adopt a healthy lifestyle and
positive attitude.
41
Treatment and Care
 Regular blood test to determine CD4 count

and viral load
 Provision of anti-retroviral drugs

 Treatment of opportunistic infections
42
In summary…
 STI, generally acquired thru unsafe sexual
contact, is caused by microorganisms that
include HIV. A person with STI is thus more
vulnerable to HIV.
 HIV, acquired in the same manner as most STIs,
is a microorganism that attacks and destroys the
human immune system. This leads to a
condition known as AIDS, where the body no
longer has a functioning immune system to ward
off opportunistic infections and malignancies,
which ultimately prove fatal.
43
In summary…
Exit of the virus from a PLHIV
Survival of the virus in the fluid
No sudden
T
Environment should have normal
change emperature
A cidity
Environment should be oist M
No exposure to Air
Sufficiency of the virus
Entry to the bloodstream of a new host
44
In summary…
THREE BASIC COMPONENTS OF

TREATMENT AND CARE
(1)Regular blood test to determine
amount of HIV in the blood
(2)Taking anti-retroviral drugs
(3)Treatment of opportunistic infections
45
Until A Cure Is Found…
the only effective prevention is
NOT to allow the virus to enter
the body
46
SALAMAT HAN
PAMATI. . . .
47

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The Basics of STI,

HIV and AIDS

▲ Define and differentiate STI, HIV, and AIDS

Source of graphic: the-sticlinic.com

Pain passing urine Severe itchiness Pain

Yellowish/abnormal Ulcerations Abdominal pain

• Co-infection and multiple infections are

• Some STI may have signs and symptoms,

• Do not self-medicate, you need the right

• Having an STI makes getting and passing

• Having STI can become serious when you

• STIs can be passed from mother to child

The effect of the virus is to

This organism is a retro virus,

Portal of ENTRY: Modes of transmission:

IMMUNE The immune system is compromised

The body can no longer fight off

SYNDROME A person experiences a collection of

It is an infection or malignancy that

Swollen lymph nodes

Photos from World Vision,

Source of illustration: DOH, Remedios AIDS

Infected Blood and

Portal of ENTRY: Modes of

Correct and consistent use of CONDOM

Blood safety Universal Harm reduction

► Take ARVs during pregnancy

♠ The risk of HIV transmission can be reduced if

♠ Education is important. People should be provided

It is the event that

Source: Microsoft, Clipart

♦ Voluntary counseling & testing

Screening Test Confirmatory

♠ Social hygiene clinics

 Regular blood test to determine CD4 count

 Provision of anti-retroviral drugs

THREE BASIC COMPONENTS OF

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