Concept of Man and Illness

FUNDAMENTAL OF NURSING
PRACTICE
BY: NURSAADA A. SAJILI-DAMIH, MN

CONCEPT OF MAN
 MAN –is an individual human
 A man belonging to a particular category (
as by birth , residence , membership , or
occupation.
 A bipedal primate mammal (Homo
sapiens) that is anatomically related to the
great apes but distinguished especially by
notable development of the brain with a
resultant capacity for articulate speech
and abstract reasoning , is usually
considered to form a variable number of
freely interbreeding races , and is the sole
living representative of the
hominid family
4 ATTRIBUTES OF MAN
14 FUNDAMENTAL NEEDS OF
MAN
 1. Breath  8. Keeping self clean
 2. Food and Drink  9. Avoiding danger
 3. Elimination  10. Communication
 4. Move and maintain  11. Worship

posture  12. Work
 5. Sleep and rest  13. Play
 6. Clothing  14. Learn
 7. Maintaining internal
environment
MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF
BASIC HUMAN NEEDS
CHARACTERISTICS OF BASIC HUMAN
NEEDS
 ALL people have the same basic needs ; however , each
person’s needs and reactions to those needs are influenced by
the culture with which the person identifies.
1. People meet their own needs relative to their own priorities.
2. although basic needs generally must be met , some needs can
be deferred .
3. Failure to meet needs results in one or more homeostatic
imbalances , which can eventually result in illness.
4. A need can make itself felt by either external or internal
stimuli
5. A person who perceives a need can respond in several ways to
meet it.
6. Needs are interrelated
MASLOW’S CHARACTERISTICS OF A
SELF-ACTUALIZED PERSON :
 Is realistic , sees life clearly and objective about owns
observation
 Judge people correctly
 Has a superior perception , more decisive
 Has a clear notion on what is right and wrong
 Is usually accurate in predicting future events
 Understand art , music , politics and philosophy
 Possesses humility , listen to others carefully
 Is dedictaed to some work , task , duty or vocation

MASLOW’S CHARACTERISTICS OF A
SELF-ACTUALIZED PERSON :
 Highly creative , flexible , spontaneous , courageous and willing to
make mistakes
 Open to new ideas
 Is self-confident and has self-respect
 Has a low degree of self-conflict , personality is integrated
 Respect self, does not need fame , possesses a feeling of self control
 Is highly independent , desires privacy
 Can appear remote and detached
 Is friendly , loving and governed more by inner directives than by
society
 Can make decisions contrary to popular opinion
 Is problem-centered rather than self-centered
 Accepts the world what it is.
CONCEPT OF HEALTH
DEFINITION OF TERMS:
DISEASE- is a pathological change in structure
&/or function …..Signs
ILLNESS - is the response of person to
disease , which is based on the person’s
perception …. Symptoms
WELLNESS – is a status in which individual is
capable of meeting the minimum physical ,
psychological and social requirements of
appropriate functioning.
DIMENSION OF WELLNESS
1. SOCIAL
2. Emotional
3. Physical
4. Environmental
5. Spiritual
6. Occupational
7. Intellectual
SOCIAL DIMENSIONS
Concerns the sense of having
support available from family ,
and friends ; practices , values
and beliefs that determine health
EMOTIONAL
DIMENSIONS
Refers to feelings , affect and person’s
ability to express these :
1. belief in one’s worth
2. Long-term stress affects the body
systems and anxiety affects health
habits ; conversely ,calm
acceptance , relaxation can actually
change body responses to illness
PHYSICAL DIMENSIONS
Genetic make-up , age , developmental
level , race and sex strongly influence
health status and health practice.
Ex a toddler just learning to walk is prone
to fall and self
injury
The young woman who has a family
history of breast cancer & DM is at
higher risk to develop these conditions
PHYSICAL DIMENSIONS
Genetic make-up , age , developmental
level , race and sex strongly influence
health status and health practice.
Ex a toddler just learning to walk is prone
to fall and self
injury
The young woman who has a family
history of breast cancer & DM is at
higher risk to develop these conditions
ENVIRONMENTAL
DIMENSIONS
The ability to promote health measures
that improve the standard of living
and quality of life in the community.
Includes influences such as food ,
water , and air
SPIRITUAL DIMENSIONS
Refers to the recognition and ability to
practice moral or religious principles
or beliefs ; recognition and
maintenance of a harmonious
relationship with a Supreme Being.
INTELLECTUAL
DIMENSIONS
Encompasses cognitive abilities ,
educational background and past
experiences ; positive sense of
purpose
These influence a client’s response to
teaching about health and reactions to
health care during illness
DEFINITION OF HEALTH
HEALTH (WHO,1947) – a
state of complete physical ,
mental and social well-
being and not merely the
absence of infirmity or
disease.
BASED ON THE WHO DEFINITION
1. Health is a multidimensional concept that
includes different interdependent and
interrelated aspects , i.e
Social health
Well-being
Mental health Physical health

BIO-PSYCHOSOCIAL DIMENSIONS
OF HEALTH
SOSOCIAL BBIOMEDICAL
HEALTH
PPSYCHOLOGICAL
PSYCHOLOGICAL
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WHO
1. Considers the individual as a holistic
system
2. Looks at the internal & external factors
3. Acknowledges the individual’s role in
life and his value.
However, there is no general agreement about this

definition of health
SECOND DEFINITION OF HEALTH
POTTER & PERRY (2014 ) define
health as a
“ dynamic state , in which the
individual adapts to changes in
internal and external environments to
maintain a state of well-being.”
CHARACTERSTICS OF THE SECOND
 considers health as a dynamic status,
which can be changed from time to time.
 Acknowledges the relationship between
internal & external environment and
health status.
 Recognizes the importance of
adaptation to maintain state of health
and well-being.
MODELS OF HEALTH AND
ILLNESS
MODEL – IS A THEORETICAL WAY OF
UNDERSTANDING A CONCEPT OR
IDEA .
 IT REPRESENTS DIFFERENT WAYS
OF APPROACHING COMPLEX
ISSUES.
 EXPLAIN THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN
CONCEPTS AND A PATIENT’S ATTITUDES
TOWARD HEALTH & HEALTH BEHAVIORS
HEALTH BEHAVIORS
1.Positive health behaviors –
 ACTIVITIES RELATED TO
MAINTAINING , ATTAINING OR
REGAINING GOOD HEALTH AND
PREVENTING ILLNESS
 Ex. Immunizations , proper sleep patterns
, adequate exercise, stress management
and nutrition.
HEALTH BEHAVIORS
2. NEGATIVE HEALTH Behaviors –

Practices actually or potentially harmful to
health
Ex. Smoking , drug or alcohol abuse, poor
diet , refusal to take necessary
medications.
MODELS OF HEALTH AND
ILLNESS
1. Health –illness continuum
2. Agent-host environment model
3. High-Level Wellness Model
4. Health belief model
5. Health promotion model
1. HEALTH –ILLNESS CONTINUUM
MODEL (TRAVIS)
high
death level
(illness) normal wellness
health (Good health)
HEALTH –ILLNESS CONTINUUM
MODEL
 Health and illness are seen as relative
concepts and not as separate absolutes
 Health and illness as a graduated scale has
two ends.
 Health is a dynamic state that fluctuates as
a person adapts o changes in the internal &
external environments to maintain a state
of well-being.
2. AGENT-HOST ENVIRONMENT
MODEL
 Composed of three dynamic , interactive
elements.
 This model is used primarily in describing
causes of illness rather than in promoting
wellness.
 Each factor interacts with the others
 When each of the agent- host- environment
factors are in balance , health is maintained
 When not in balance , disease occurs
MODEL
THREE ELEMENTS :
 Host – person’s who may be at risk of
acquiring a disease.
 Agent –internal or external factor or
stressor ( biological , chemical ,
mechanical, physical or psychological )
that by its presence or absence ( e.g. lack
of essential nutrients) that might lead to
illness or disease.
MODEL
 ENVIRONMENT –factors that make
illness more or less likely .
 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT - climate ,
living conditions , sound ( noise ) levels
and economic level.
 SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT – interaction
with others and life events , such as death
of spouse , stress or conflicts
2. COMPONENTS AGENT-HOST
ENVIRONMENT MODEL (EPIDEMIOLOGIC
TRIAD)
agent
host environment
TRIAD)
agent host (person)
environment
TRIAD)
Agent
host (person)
environment
3. DUNN’S HIGH LEVEL WELLNESS
4. HEALTH BELIEF MODEL
 It helps you understand factor’s influencing patients’
perceptions, beliefs and behavior to plan care that will
most effectively help patients maintain or restore health
and prevent illness.
 First component ; involves an individual’s perception of
susceptibility to an illness.
 Ex . A patient needs to recognize the familial link for
coronary artery disease.
 2nd component : is an individual’s perception of the
seriousness of the illness.
 This perception is influenced and modified by
demographic and sociopsychological variables ,
perceived threats of the illness and cues to action
( mass media campaigns and advice from family , friends
and medical professionals).
Ex. A patient may not perceive his heart dse to be serious ,
which may affect the way he takes care of himself.
component : is the likelihood that a person will take
 3rd
preventive action.
 This component results from a person’s perception of the
benefits of and barriers to taking action.
 Preventive actions include lifestyle changes , increased
adherence to medical therapies or a search for medical
advice or treatment
 Patient will not partake in healthy behaviors
5. HEALTH PROMOTION
MODEL(PENDER)
 This model is directed at increasing a patient’s level of
well-being.
 It describes the multidimensional nature of people as
they interact within their environment to pursue health
 The model focuses on the three areas:
1. Individual characteristics and experiences
2. Behavior-specific knowledge and affect
3. Behavioral outcomes (patient commits to or changes a

behavior )
Set of variables – motivational significance
5. HEALTH PROMOTION
MODEL(PENDER)
Health –promoting behaviors is the desired behavioral
outcome and the end point in the Health promotion
Model.
Health- promoting behaviors result in improved health ,
enhanced functional ability and better quality of life at
all stages of development.

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FUNDAMENTAL OF NURSING

BY: NURSAADA A. SAJILI-DAMIH, MN

 3. Elimination  10. Communication

 4. Move and maintain  11. Worship

 Has a superior perception , more decisive

 Has a clear notion on what is right and wrong

 Is usually accurate in predicting future events

 Understand art , music , politics and philosophy

 Possesses humility , listen to others carefully

 Is dedictaed to some work , task , duty or vocation

Mental health Physical health

However, there is no general agreement about this

2. NEGATIVE HEALTH Behaviors –

1. Individual characteristics and experiences

2. Behavior-specific knowledge and affect

3. Behavioral outcomes (patient commits to or changes a

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