C06 Operating System With Unix Vtu

Process Management
External View of the OS

wait()
close()
sleep()
File Mgr
fork()
signal()
Device Mgr
semctl()
C Hardware
Program Memory Mgr
SetWaitableTimer()
CreateProcess() Process Mgr
CreateThread()
CloseHandle()
OS
WaitForSingleObject()
Process Management Responsibilities
• Define & implement the essential characteristics of a
process and thread
– Algorithms to define the behavior
– Data structures to preserve the state of the execution
• Define what “things” threads in the process can reference
– the address space (most of the “things” are memory
locations)
• Manage the resources used by the processes/threads
• Tools to create/destroy/manipulate processes & threads
• Tools to time-multiplex the CPU – Scheduling the
(Chapter 7)
• Tools to allow threads to synchronization the operation
with one another (Chapters 8-9)
• Mechanisms to handle deadlock (Chapter 10)
Initializing the Machine
• Power up  fetch-execute cycle begins
• Initial (or hardware) process begins to run
• Executes ROM diagnostic program
• Then bootstrap loads the OS
• OS initialization
– Setup & initialize all system data structures (this
creates process & resource abstractions)
– Initialize all devices
– Start daemons – including idle process
– Branches to the scheduler
Hardware Process Starts
Idle Process Kernel ISRs Process i Process j

BIOS
Program
Hardware
process
Switch to
another
program
Process Mgr
Process Abstraction Layers
pi, pj, and pk each
Pi Pj Pk
have their own
Virt Term Virt Term Virt Term
virtual terminal
Window Mgr interface
Pi Pj Pk pi, pj, and pk each

Control Control Control have their own
Unit Unit Unit virtual machine
OS interface
OS Pi
Address Address Hardware process
Space Space (OS) coroutines across
pi, pj, and pk under OS
Pk
Control Address control
Pj
Unit Address
Space
Space
Process Mgr
Process Manager Overview

Program Process
Abstract Computing Environment
File Deadlock Process

Manager Protection Description
Synchronization
Device Memory Resource
Manager Manager Scheduler Resource
Resource
Manager
Manager
Manager
Devices Memory CPU Other H/W

Unix Organization
Process Process
Libraries
Process
System Call Interface

File Deadlock Process
Manager Protection Description
Synchronization
Device Memory Resource
Manager Manager Scheduler Resource
Resource
Manager
Manager
Monolithic Kernel Manager
Devices Memory CPU Other H/W

NT Organization
Process T Process
T T
T T T
T T Process
T
Libraries
Subsystem Subsystem Subsystem
User
Supervisor
NT Executive
NT Kernel I/O Subsystem
Hardware Abstraction Layer
Processor(s) Main Memory Devices

Process Descriptor
• OS creates/manages process abstraction
• Descriptor is data structure for each process
– Register values
– Logical state
– Type & location of resources it holds
– List of resources it needs
– Security keys
– etc. (see Table 6.1 and the source code of your
favorite OS)
Creating a Process in UNIX
pid = fork();
UNIX kernel
Process Table
…
Process Descriptor
Creating a Process in NT
CreateProcess(…);
Win32 Subsystem
ntCreateProcess(…);
…
ntCreateThread(…);
NT Executive
Handle Table
NT Kernel
…
Process Descriptor
Handles
Application
Handle
User Space
Supervisor Space
Executive Object
NT Executive
Kernel
Object
NT Kernel
NT Process Descriptor
User Space
Supervisor Space
NT Executive
EPROCESS ETHREAD
NT Kernel
KPROCESS
(PCB)
KTHREAD
NT Process Descriptor
 Kernel process object including:
 Pointer to the page directory
 Kernel & user time
 Process base priority
 Process state
 List of the Kernel thread descriptors that are
using this process
NT Process Descriptor (cont)
 Parent identification
 Exit status
 Creation and termination times.
 Memory status
 Security information
 executable image
 Process priority class used by the thread
scheduler.
 A list of handles used by this process
 A pointer to Win32-specific information
Resource Model
Resource: Anything that a process can request, then be
blocked because that thing is not available.
R = {Rj | 0  j < m} = resource types

C = {cj  0 |  RjR (0  j < m)} = units of Rj available
Reusable resource: After a unit of the resource has been
allocated, it must ultimately be released back to the
system. E.g., CPU, primary memory, disk space, … The
maximum value for cj is the number of units of that
resource
Consumable resource: There is no need to release a
resource after it has been acquired. E.g., a message,
input data, … Notice that cj is unbounded.
Using the Model
• There is a resource manager, Mgr(Rj) for every Rj
• Process pi can request units of Rj if it is currently running
pi can only request ni  cj units of reusable Rj
pi can request unbounded # of units of consumable Rj
•Mgr(Rj) can allocate units of Rj to pi
•pi can release units of Rj that it holds (reusable) or
produces (consumable)
request Mgr(Rj)
allocate
release
Process
Resource Manager Design
Mgr(Rj)
request release
allocate
release
allocate
release
Process
allocate
Resource Pool
Address Space
Primary
Memory
Address Space
Process Mailboxes
Files
System services
Other objects
Defining the Address Space
• Some parts are built into the environment
– Files
– System services
• Some parts are imported at runtime
– Mailboxes
– Network connections
• Memory addresses are created at compile
(and run) time
The Compile Time Component
Source
Modules
Translator Relocatable
Modules
Link Editor Absolute Primary Memory

Program
Loader Executable
Program
Address Space
Map
Map
State
Resources
State
Static data Stack

Processes &Threads
Program Stack
Process State (Version 1)
Request
Done
Running
Request Schedule
Allocate Start
Blocked Ready
Process State (UNIX)
Request
Wait by
parent Done
Running
zombie Schedule
Request
Sleeping I/O Request
Allocate
Start
Runnable
I/O Complete Resume
Uninterruptible Traced or Stopped

Sleep
Process Hierarchies
• Parent-child relationship may be significant:
parent controls children’s execution
Request
Done
Running
Yield Suspend
Request Schedule
Suspend Start
Ready-Active
Activate Ready-Suspended
Allocate Allocate
Suspend
Blocked-Active Blocked-Suspended
Activate

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Process Management

External View of the OS

Idle Process Kernel ISRs Process i Process j

Pi Pj Pk pi, pj, and pk each

Process Manager Overview

Abstract Computing Environment

File Deadlock Process

Devices Memory CPU Other H/W

System Call Interface

Devices Memory CPU Other H/W

Processor(s) Main Memory Devices

R = {Rj | 0  j < m} = resource types

Link Editor Absolute Primary Memory

Static data Stack

Uninterruptible Traced or Stopped

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