A.

Microbiology
Define the following:
B. Pathogen
& Non
Pathogen
E. G. I.
Indigenous Bioremedi Infectious
Microflora ation Disease

C. Germs

H. J.
F. Microbial Microbial
Saprophyte ecology intoxication
D.
Antibiotics
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 Identify the following:

The different
Classifications,
careers of Pioneers Of
Types of
Micro Biology Microbiology
Microorganism
 What is Microbiology?

• is the study of all living organisms that are too

small to be visible with the naked eye.

This includes bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi,

prions, protozoa and algae, collectively known as
'microbes’.

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 What is Pathogen & Non
Pathogen?
• A pathogen is usually defined as a microorganism
that causes, or can cause, disease. We have defined a
pathogen as a microbe that can cause damage in a
host.
• Nonpathogenic organisms are those that do not
cause disease, harm or death to another organism
and is usually used to describe bacteria. It describes
a property of a bacterium - its ability to cause
disease. Most bacteria are nonpathogenic.
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Back
 What are Germs?

• A small mass of living substance capable of

developing into an organism or one of its parts.
• microorganism especially : a microorganism
causing disease.

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 Most germs are microscopic
• That means they are so small you must have a
microscope to see them.
• Some examples of germs are:
 Bacteria
 Viruses
 Fungi
 Protozoa
 Worms

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 What is Antibiotics?

• Antibiotics are medicines that help stop

infections caused by bacteria. They do this by
killing the bacteria or by keeping them from
copying themselves or reproducing.
• The word antibiotic means “against life.” Any
drug that kills germs in your body is technically
an antibiotic.

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 What is Indigenous microflora?
•  Indigenous intestinal microflora are known to
afford protection against colonization by
pathogenic microorganisms.
• However, the metabolic activity of at least one
species of the indigenous microflora can induce
expression of surface glycoconjugates, which
may in turn confer susceptibility to infection.

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 What is Saprophyte?
• a plant, fungus, or microorganism that lives on
dead or decaying organic matter.

• Examples of saprophytes are cheese mold, and

yeast. The term "saprophyte" refers specifically
to fungal and bacterial saprotrophs; animal
saprotrophs are known as saprozoites. Other
terms, such as 'saprotroph' or 'saprobe' may be
used instead of saprophyte. Strictly speaking, -
phyte means 'plant'.
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 What is Bioremediation?
• a process used to treat contaminated media,
including water, soil and subsurface material, by
altering environmental conditions to stimulate
growth of microorganisms and degrade the target
pollutants.

• There are two different types of bioremediation,

in situ and ex situ.

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 In situ bioremediation is the in-place
treatment of a contaminated site.
 Ex situ bioremediation is the aboveground
treatment of contaminated soil or water that is
removed from a contaminated site.

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 What is Microbial energy?

• the study of the interactions of microorganisms

with their environment, each other, and plant and
animal species. It includes the study of
symbioses, biogeochemical cycles and the
interaction of microbes with anthropogenic
effects such as pollution and climate change.

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 What is Infectious diseases?
• Infectious diseases are disorders caused by
organisms — such as bacteria, viruses, fungi or
parasites. Many organisms live in and on our
bodies. They're normally harmless or even helpful.
But under certain conditions, some organisms may
cause disease.
• Some infectious diseases can be passed from
person to person. Some are transmitted by
insects or other animals. And you may get others
by consuming contaminated food or water or being
exposed to organisms in the environment. Back
 What is Microbial intoxication?
• Person ingests a toxin that was produced by
micro organism

• Intoxication occurs when food-poisoning

microorganisms produce a toxin that triggers
sickness when ingested. Several different kinds of
toxins are produced by the various
microorganisms. These toxins usually affect the
cells lining the intestinal wall, causing vomiting
and diarrhea.
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 The Different Careers of
Microbiology
 Biotechnologists

Biotechnologists work in the agriculture,

environment, food, and clinical industries. They
manipulate the genes of a microorganism.  An
environmental biotechnologist might develop
microorganisms that clean polluted water.  A
medical biotechnologist could produce medicines
using techniques such as cell culture.
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  Clinical Laboratory Scientists

Clinical Laboratory Scientists (also called Medical

Technologists) work in many areas including clinical,
veterinary, and state and national health laboratories.
They analyze blood, urine, tissue and other body
specimens in order to determine the cause of an
infection in a patient and what antibiotics are effective
in treating the infection. This field is evolving as
genetic and mass spectrophotometry techniques
become common. NEXT
 Food microbiologists

Food microbiologists test food and beverage

products for pathogens such
as Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes and for
spoilage microorganisms such as lactic acid
bacteria.  Food microbiologists help their company
meet standards for product safety and food quality. 

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 Immunologists

Immunologists investigate how a body defends

itself against disease. Research areas include
biodefense, biofilms, genetics, HIV/AIDS,
immunologic mechanisms, respiratory pathogens
(including influenza) and vaccine development.

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  Mycologists

Mycologists study disease-causing fungus and

fungus that produce antibiotics.  Mycologists often
work in clinical, pharmaceutical, and research
laboratories. Mycologists also work in
environmental laboratories that analyze indoor air
for mold spores.

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 Parasitologists

Parasitologists investigate how parasitic

microorganisms infect living hosts, reproduce and
cause disease.

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  Personal Care Product and Cosmetic
Scientists and Technologists

Personal Care Product and Cosmetic Scientists and

Technologists are responsible for ensuring the
safety of products like shampoo, eye shadow, and
baby wipes. They test products for disease-causing
microorganisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

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 Pharmaceutical scientists and technologists

Pharmaceutical scientists and technologists are

responsible for ensuring the safety of
pharmaceutical products. Technologists test raw
materials and finished products for disease-causing
microorganisms such as Staphylococcus
aureus and Burkholderia cepacia.  Scientists
research and develop new drugs and therapies
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 Sales

Some microbiologists find sales to be a rewarding

career.  Because of their strong background in
science, they are able to help customers choose the
best microbiology product for their situation. 

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 Teachers and Professors

Teachers and professors share their passion for

microbiology by educating high school, university,
and post graduate students. They are responsible for
creating and executing lesson plans that teach
students the characteristics of microorganisms and
the latest developments in the field of microbiology

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 Technical Support Specialists

Technical Support Specialists provide technical

assistance to customers using a manufacturer’s
 products. The Technical Support Department at
Microbiologics helps customers choose
microorganism strains, instructs customers on the
use of products, and helps with hands-on customer
and distributor trainings
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 Virologists

Virologists study viruses that affect humans,

animals, insects, bacteria, fungi, and plants in
community, clinical, agricultural, and natural
environments. They develop vaccines for influenza
and other diseases.

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 Water Quality Laboratory Technicians

Municipalities, water treatment plants, and state and

local agencies need technicians to test drinking
water, treated water, and recreational water.  Often
the laboratories are testing for E. coli, an indicator
of fecal contamination and a warning sign that
water-borne pathogens such
as Salmonella and Shigella may be present.
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 Microbiologist # 1. Antony
Van Leeuwenhoek:
 Anton Van Leeuwenhoek- was the first person to
see live bacteria and protozoa
 He is known as the father of bacteriology
 A fabric merchant, surveyor, wine assayer, and
minor city official in Delf, Holland
 Ground tiny glass lenses mounted in metal frames
 He constructed many Single lens microscopes
 “Animalcules”
 He became expert in the grinding of simple
magnifying lenses. NEXT
 Microbiologist # 2. Louis
Pasteur:
 A French chemist
  The term ‘microbiology’, as the study of living
organisms of microscopic size, and the term
‘vaccine’. was coined by Pasteur.
 Disproved the spontaneous generation
 Aerobes and Anaerobes
 Developed the process pasteurization to kill
microbes that were causing to spoil. Can be used
to kill pathogens in many types of liquid.
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 Louis Pasteur
 Involves heating to 55ºC and holding at that
temperature for several minutes.
 He used different forms of nutrient fluid to grow
microorganisms and demonstrated that a medium
suitable for one might be unsuitable for another.
 He demonstrated that some organisms were not
destroyed by boiling.
 In 1860-61, he provided strong evidence to
disapprove the theory of spontaneous generation

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 Louis Pasteur
 In 1860-64, he gave experimental evidence that
fermentation and putrefaction are effects of microbial
growth.
 In 1863-65, he developed the process of destroying
bacteria, known as pasteurization. 
 Pasteur succeeded in demonstrating that this silkworm
disease was caused by microscopic germs — protozoa
and showed that the infection could be eliminated by
choosing for breeding only those worms which were free
of the parasites
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 Microbiologist # 3. Robert
Koch:
 German physician
 Contributor of germ theory of disease
 He proved that anthrax bacillus was truly the
cause of anthrax.
 Discovered that a bacillus produces spores
capable of resisting adverse conditions
 Fixing and staining and photographing bacteria

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 Robert Koch
 Developed methods of cultivating bacteria on
solid media.
 R.J Petri- colleague of Robert
 Frua hess- agar (polysaccharide) as solidifying
agent
 Discovered mycobacterium tuberculosis and
vibrio cholera

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 Microbiologist # 4. Edward
Jenner:
 He introduced the modern method of vaccination
to prevent smallpox. He observed that milkmaids
who contracted cowpox or vaccinia while
milking were subsequently immune to smallpox.
On May 14, 1796 he devised a brave experiment.
 The first person to fly a balloon in Britain Filled
with hydrogen and launched from Berkeley
Castle, it travelled 24 miles.

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 Microbiologist # 5. Paul
Ehrlich:
  an outstanding German scientist and genius of
extraordinary activity
 In 1879, he applied stains to cells and tissues for
the purpose of revealing their function.
  In 1882, he reported the acid-fastness of tubercle
bacillus.
  He did important research in immunology. He
soon found that the specific effect of immune
serum could be demonstrated in vivo and in vitro
and introduced methods of standardizing toxin
and antitoxin. Back
Classifications, Types of
Microorganism

Microorganisms are divided into seven

types: bacteria, archaea, protozoa, algae,
fungi, viruses, and multicellular animal
parasites ( helminths ).

Each type has a characteristic cellular

composition, morphology, mean of
locomotion, and reproduction.

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 Classifications of Microorganisms:
Microbes can be classified into four major groups:
A. Protozoa C. Fungi
B. Bacteria D. Viruses

A. Protozoa are unicellular aerobic eukaryotes. They have a nucleus,

complex organelles, and obtain nourishment by absorption or ingestion
through specialized structures. They make up the largest group of organisms
in the world in terms of numbers, biomass, and diversity. Their cell walls
are made up of cellulose. Protozoa have been traditionally divided based on
their mode of locomotion: flagellates produce their own food and use their
whip-like structure to propel forward, ciliates have tiny hair that beat to
produce movement, amoeboids have false feet or pseudopodia used for
feeding and locomotion, and sporozoans are non-motile. They also have
different means of nutrition, which groups them as autotrophs or
heterotrophs. NEXT
B. Bacteria are unicellular organisms. The cells are
described as prokaryotic because they lack a
nucleus. They exist in four major shapes: bacillus
(rod shape), coccus (spherical shape), spirilla (spiral
shape), and vibrio (curved shape). Most bacteria
have a peptidoglycan cell wall; they divide by
binary fission; and they may possess flagella for
motility. The difference in their cell wall structure is
a major feature used in classifying these organisms.
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C. Fungi (mushroom, molds, and yeasts) are eukaryotic
cells (with a true nucleus). Most fungi are multicellular
and their cell wall is composed of chitin. They obtain
nutrients by absorbing organic material from their
environment (decomposers), through symbiotic
relationships with plants (symbionts), or harmful
relationships with a host (parasites). They form
characteristic filamentous tubes called hyphae that help
absorb material. The collection of hyphae is called
mycelium. Fungi reproduce by releasing spores.
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D. Viruses are noncellular entities that consist of a
nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a
protein coat. Although viruses are classified as
microorganisms, they are not considered living
organisms. Viruses cannot reproduce outside a host
cell and cannot metabolize on their own. Viruses
often infest prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells causing
diseases.

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Hope you understand it 