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    Nuclear Forces - : Lecture 2

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    Kanhaiya Chakradhari
    This document summarizes the second lecture from the 2016 Nuclear Physics School on the properties and phenomenology of nuclear forces. The lecture discusses the key properties of the nuclear force, including its finite range, intermediate-range attraction, short-range repulsion, and spin-dependent non-central forces like the tensor and spin-orbit forces. It also covers phenomenological descriptions of nuclear forces, including symmetries, the general operator structure of two-body potentials, and some historically important phenomenological potentials.

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    Nuclear Forces - : Lecture 2

    Uploaded by

    Kanhaiya Chakradhari
    17 views18 pages
    This document summarizes the second lecture from the 2016 Nuclear Physics School on the properties and phenomenology of nuclear forces. The lecture discusses the key properties of the nuclear force, including its finite range, intermediate-range attraction, short-range repulsion, and spin-dependent non-central forces like the tensor and spin-orbit forces. It also covers phenomenological descriptions of nuclear forces, including symmetries, the general operator structure of two-body potentials, and some historically important phenomenological potentials.

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    This document summarizes the second lecture from the 2016 Nuclear Physics School on the properties and phenomenology of nuclear forces. The lecture discusses the key properties of the nuclear force, including its finite range, intermediate-range attraction, short-range repulsion, and spin-dependent non-central forces like the tensor and spin-orbit forces. It also covers phenomenological descriptions of nuclear forces, including symmetries, the general operator structure of two-body potentials, and some historically important phenomenological potentials.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    17 views18 pages

    Nuclear Forces - : Lecture 2

    Uploaded by

    Kanhaiya Chakradhari
    This document summarizes the second lecture from the 2016 Nuclear Physics School on the properties and phenomenology of nuclear forces. The lecture discusses the key properties of the nuclear force, including its finite range, intermediate-range attraction, short-range repulsion, and spin-dependent non-central forces like the tensor and spin-orbit forces. It also covers phenomenological descriptions of nuclear forces, including symmetries, the general operator structure of two-body potentials, and some historically important phenomenological potentials.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 18

    2016 Nuclear Physics School

    June 20 – 24, 2016


    APCTP Headquarters, Pohang

    Nuclear Forces
    - Lecture 2 -
    Properties and
    Phenomenology

    R. Machleidt
    University of Idaho
    R. Machleidt Nuclear Forces - Lecture 2 1
    Properties & Phen. (Pohang 2016)
    Lecture 2: Properties and
    Phenomenology

    Properties of the nuclear force

    Phenomenological descriptions

    R. Machleidt Nuclear Forces - Lecture 2 2


    Properties & Phen. (Pohang 2016)
    Properties of the nuclear force

    • Finite range
    • Intermediate-range attraction
    • Short-range repulsion (“hard core”)
    • Spin-dependent non-central forces:
    - Tensor force
    - Spin-orbit force
    • Charge independence
    R. Machleidt Nuclear Forces - Lecture 2 3
    Properties & Phen. (Pohang 2016)
    Finite range

    • Comparison of the binding energies of


    2
    H (deuteron), 3H (triton), 4 He (alpha - particle)
    show that the nuclear force is of finite range (1-2 fm) and
    very strong within that range (Wigner, 1933).

    • “Saturation”. Nuclei with A>4 show saturation: Volume


    and binding energies of nuclei are proportional to the
    mass number A.

    R. Machleidt Nuclear Forces - Lecture 2 4


    Properties & Phen. (Pohang 2016)
    Intermediate-range attraction

    Nuclei are bound. The average distance


    between nucleons in nuclei is about 2 fm which
    must roughly correspond to the range of the
    attractive force.

    R. Machleidt Nuclear Forces - Lecture 2 5


    Properties & Phen. (Pohang 2016)
    Short-range repulsion (“hard core”)

    Analyze 1S0 phase shifts and compare to 1D2 phase shifts.

    R. Machleidt Nuclear Forces - Lecture 2 6


    Properties & Phen. (Pohang 2016)
    Non-central forces
    Tensor Force: First evidence from the deuteron

    Deuteron

    R. Machleidt Nuclear Forces - Lecture 2 7


    Properties & Phen. (Pohang 2016)
    Tensor force, cont’d

    R. Machleidt Nuclear Forces - Lecture 2 8


    Properties & Phen. (Pohang 2016)
    Tensor force, cont’d

    R. Machleidt Nuclear Forces - Lecture 2 9


    Properties & Phen. (Pohang 2016)
    Non-central forces
    Spin-Orbit Force

    left
    right

    Nucleus or proton

    Proton 2
    Proton 1

    R. Machleidt Nuclear Forces - Lecture 2 10


    Properties & Phen. (Pohang 2016)
    Summary:
    Most important parts of the nuclear force

    Short
    Inter-
    mediate Long range
    Central force

    Taketani, Nakamura, Sasaki (1951): 3 ranges

    Tensor force

    Spin-orbit force
    R. Machleidt Nuclear Forces - Lecture 2 11
    Properties & Phen. (Pohang 2016)
    Charge-independence

    • After correcting for the electromagnetic interaction, the forces


    between nucleons (pp, nn, or np) in the same state are almost the
    same.
    • “Almost the same”:
    Charge-independence is slightly broken.
    • Notation:
    Equality between the pp and nn forces:
    Charge symmetry.
    Equality between pp/nn force and np force:
    Charge independence.
    • Better notation: Isospin symmetry;
    invariance under rotations in isospin space.

    R. Machleidt Nuclear Forces - Lecture 2 12


    Properties & Phen. (Pohang 2016)
    Charge-independence breaking: Evidence

    Since the scattering length is a magnifying glass on the interaction,


    charge-independence breaking (CIB) is seen most clearly in the
    different scattering lengths of pp, nn, and np low-energy scattering.
    Charge-symmetry breaking (CSB) - after electromagnetic effects
    have been removed:

    Charge-independence breaking (CIB):

    anp  23.74  0.02 fm

    R. Machleidt Nuclear Forces - Lecture 2 13


    Properties & Phen. (Pohang 2016)
    Phenomenological descriptions

    • Symmetries and the general expression


    for the NN potential

    • Historically important examples of


    phenomenological NN potentials

    R. Machleidt Nuclear Forces - Lecture 2 14


    Properties & Phen. (Pohang 2016)
    The symmetries

    • Translation invariance
    • Galilean invariance
    • Rotation invariance
    • Space reflection invariance
    • Time reversal invariance
    • Invariance under the interchange of particle 1 and 2
    • Isospin symmetry
    • Hermiticity

    R. Machleidt Nuclear Forces - Lecture 2 15


    Properties & Phen. (Pohang 2016)
    Most general two-body potential under those symmetries
    (Okubo and Marshak, Ann. Phys. 4, 166 (1958))

    V NN  central
    spin-orbit
    tensor
    quadratic spin-orbit
    another tensor

    with

    R. Machleidt Nuclear Forces - Lecture 2 16


    Properties & Phen. (Pohang 2016)
    Potentials which are based upon the operator structure shown on the
    previous slide (but may not include all operators shown or may include
    additional operators) are called “Phenomenological Potentials”.
    Some historically important examples are given below.

    • Gammel-Thaler potential ( Phys. Rev. 107, 291, 1339 (1957)),


    hard-core.
    • Hamada-Johnston potential (Nucl. Phys. 34, 382 (1962)), hard
    core.
    • Reid potential (Ann. Phys. (N.Y.) 50, 411 (1968)), soft core.
    • Argonne V14 potential (Wiringa et al., Phys. Rev. C 29, 1207
    (1984)), uses 14 operators.
    • Argonne V18 potential (Wiringa et al., Phys. Rev. C 51, 38
    (1995)), uses 18 operators.

    R. Machleidt Nuclear Forces - Lecture 2 17


    Properties & Phen. (Pohang 2016)
    End Lecture 2

    R. Machleidt Nuclear Forces - Lecture 2 18


    Properties & Phen. (Pohang 2016)

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