Abb - Industria Del Agua: Agua Potable Y Efluentes

Ing.
Gabriel Báez Cambra – Noviembre 2009
ABB - INDUSTRIA DEL AGUA

AGUA POTABLE Y EFLUENTES
© ABB Group
April 13, 2023 | Slide 1
Typical Measurement Parameters
1. pH and Conductivity - Indicates a deviation form the norm that

would suggest that an industrial pollution incident has taken
place
2. Turbidity - Measurement of the suspended particulate matter

and cloudiness of the water
3. Temperature - Limits are frequently enforced on the maximum

rise in temperature at discharge points. It is also useful in
assessing the biological activity
© ABB Group
Oxygen
Most abundant element accounting for:
50% by weight of the Earth’s crust
86% by weight of the Earth’s oceans
21% by weight of the Earth’s atmosphere
The formula for oxygen is O2
Properties:
It is a colourless gas
It has a boiling point -183C, freezing point - 218 C
It is soluble in water up to approximately 10mg l-1 (at 15C)
It essential to all living matter (except anaerobic bacteria)
© ABB Group
Ammonia
Ammonia (NH3) is a compound gas comprising nitrogen and hydrogen

atoms
It forms ammonium cations (NH4+) in solution
Properties:
It is a colourless gas with boiling point of -33.5C
It has a has a characteristic, pungent smell
It is extremely soluble in water
It is very toxic to plant and animal life
It is formed in waters by decomposition of organic matter
© ABB Group
Nitrate
A compound anion comprising one nitrogen and three oxygen atoms

The formula for the Nitrate ion is NO3-
Properties:
It forms compounds with most metals
It is present in surface and sewage waters (formed when ammonia is
oxidised by nitrifying bacteria)
It is used as a fertiliser
It promotes algal and weed growth in surface waters
© ABB Group
Phosphate
Phosphates are compounds of the element phosphorus (P), which forms

0.11% of the Earth’s crust.
Orthophosphate is the most common form of phosphate with a formula of
PO43-.
Properties:
The phosphate ion is polyvalent and can form a large number of
complex compounds
They are used in many industrial processes and domestic detergents
They are essential constituents of all living matter
They are used as fertilisers
They can promote algal and weed growth
© ABB Group
Potable Water Quality Standards
Parameter EU(98) US WHO

Ammonia, mg l-1 0.5 -
1.5
Colour, ºH (PtCo) 20 15 15
Fluoride, mg l-1 2.5 4.0 2.5
Nitrate, mg l-1 50 44.5 50
Nitrite, mg l-1 0.1 4.4 -
Phosphates, mg l-1 2.2 - -
Lead, µg l-1 25 15 10
TTHM, µg l-1 100 total 80 total 100 as Br / 200 as Cl
Turbidity, NTU 0.2 0.3 5.0
Cryptosporidium 1 part in 10 l 99% removal 1 part in 10 l
pH 6.5 - 9.5 6.5 - 8.5 <8.0
© ABB Group
Naturally Occurring Biochemical Reactions in Surface Waters
Non-Toxic substances:
AEROBIC REACTIONS Carbon dioxide CO2
with oxygen Nitrate, NO3-
Pollutants
Phosphate, PO43-
Containing: Sulphate, SO42-
Carbon, C
Hydrogen, H Water
Micro-organisms
Nitrogen, N
Phosphorus, P Toxic substances:
Sulphur,S Hydrogen Gas, H2
TOC ANAEROBIC REACTIONS Methane Gas, CH4
without oxygen Hydrogen Sulphide, H2S
Ammonia, NH3
Alcohols
Toxic organic compounds
© ABB Group
Sources of Ammonia, Nitrate and Phosphate Pollution in Rivers
Potable Water IllegalIncreased

Farming Dumpingconcentrations
andofPhosphate
AmmoniaAmmonia,
Treatment Plant Ammonia
Nitrate,during low river
flows as a result of anaerobic
from slurry Phosphate
discharges
Sewage Treatment Plant conditions
Ammonia, Nitrate and Phosphate
during treatment failure or overload
Arable Farm Land Industry

Nitrate and Phosphate from land Ammonia, Nitrate and Phosphate
which has had fertilisers applied from effluent discharges
© ABB Group
Typical River Monitoring
Monitoring down stream from a major discharge
Monitoring upstream, or at the point of potable water abstraction
To guard against pollution incidents on ‘clean’ rivers, to protect aquatic

life
Typical Parameters:
pH Conductivity
Turbidity Temperature
Dissolved Oxygen
Ammonia Nitrate
Phosphate
© ABB Group
Collecting River Samples for Laboratory Analysis
© ABB Group
Automatic River Monitoring Station Installed
by Bristol Water Co. UK
© ABB Group
The cabin contains an Ammonia Monitor,
© ABB Group
Turbidity, pH, Conductivity, DO,
© ABB Group
Nitrate, and Organic Pollution Monitors
© ABB Group
The sample is pumped into the cabin using a
Submersible River Pump
© ABB Group
One of the 30 River Monitoring Stations Installed China
© ABB Group
One of the 30 River Monitoring Stations Installed China
© ABB Group
Turbidez del Agua
© ABB Group
Typical Sources of Raw Water
Upland Water Lowland Groundwater

Source Water Source Source
Potable Water
Farming Treatment Plant
Industry
Urban Areas
Borehole
Non-Urbanised / Well
Lowland Water Underground
Source Aquifer
© ABB Group
Characteristics of Typical Raw Water
Parameter Upland Non-Urb Lowland Ground

Hardness, mg l-1 30 - 100 Varies 100 - 250 Up to 500
Conductivity, µS cm-1 30 - 150 Varies 200 - 400 Up to 600
Turbidity Low Flashy High Low
Colour High Flashy Low Zero
Nitrate Zero Varies High High
Ammonia Zero Varies High Zero
Industrial effluent Zero Zero High Zero
Sewage effluent Zero Zero High Zero
Biological material Low Varies High Low
Dissolved Organics High Flashy High Low
© ABB Group
A Basic Potable Water Treatment Plant for Surface Waters
Chemical
dosing
Reservoir or River Screens

Coagulation
Chemical
dosing Flash Mixer
Treated
Water
Activated Filtration
Sterilisation and Final Carbon Floc blanket
Chemical Treatment Filter Sedimentation
© ABB Group
Categories of Particles Found in Surface Waters
Wavelength
0.45µm of Visible Light
DISSOLVED ‘COLOUR’ SUSPENDED PARTICLES
Sewage Final Effluent Particles
Pathogenic Protozoa
Viruses Cryptosporidium ocysts
Colloids Giardia
Algae
Bacteria (e.g. Typhoid, Cholera, Salmonella)
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000

(1 nm (1 mm)
Size (µm)
© ABB Group
Two Main Control Parameters in Potable Water Treatment
Turbidity - Nephelometric Turbidity is a measure of cloudiness caused by particulate

matter between 0.01 and 100µm.
Dissolved Colour – Measurement of soluble and colloidal matter such as Humic Acids,
which are Organic Compounds, that are leached out from the soil and imparts a
yellowish-brown to brown-black colour in the water. They are formed as the result of
decaying dead peat, leaves, wood, and other vegetable matter.
The measurement of True Colour is carried out by filtering the sample to 0.45µm and
measured optically at 400nm (420nm US)
The sample is compared against a platinum/cobalt solution:
1.5mg l-1 Pt = 1°H (Hazen) or (1PtCo Unit US)
Limits for True Colour in final treated water in EU is 20°H US and WHO is 15°H
(PtCo)
© ABB Group
Removal of Turbidity and Colour
Chemical
dosing

Coagulation
Chemical
dosing Flash Mixer
Treated
Water
© ABB Group
Particulate Matter in Suspension
Due to their negative

charge, particles exhibit
mutual repulsion, forcing
them to stay in suspension
Negative
Zeta Potential
© ABB Group
Formation of Floc Particles
Addition of Al3+
Al or Fe salts Al 3+
Floc Fe3+
form Al(OH)2+ Particle Fe 3+ Fe3+
or Fe(OH)2+ Al3+
Residual
ions Aluminium
Iron
Al3+
Fe3+
Neutralised
Overall Floc
Zeta Potential
© ABB Group
Coagulant Dosing
© ABB Group
Coagulation Using Aluminium Salts
Stoichiometric
Point
Turbidity
Aluminium is cheaper than
Colour Iron Coagulants, but is less
Concentration
suitable at removing organics

Aluminium
Coagulant Dose (pH normally controlled to 6 - 7)
© ABB Group
The Importance of pH Control During Coagulation
Stoichiometric
Point
Soluble Aluminium
Insoluble
Al3- Al(OH)3 (AlO2-)
Increase in
Temperature
pH
© ABB Group
Coagulation Using Iron Salts
Stoichiometric
Point
Turbidity Increase in colour

Colour due residual iron
Concentration
in solution
Iron
Coagulant Dose (pH normally controlled to 5 - 6)
© ABB Group
The Importance of pH Control During Coagulation
Soluble Iron
Insoluble Iron
pH
© ABB Group
Absorption of Humic Organic Colour Compounds
Small Dissolved
Organic Molecules
Not Absorbed
© ABB Group
Removal of Organics, Usually Only Used on Lowland Rivers
Chemical
dosing

Coagulation
Chemical
dosing Flash Mixer
Treated
Water
© ABB Group
Cryptosporidium Parvum
It is a waterborne Pathogenic Organism, once in the human body it rapidly develops

into a parasite which can affect many parts of the body
It’s spores (oocysts) live naturally in soil, rivers, and waterways
The level of spores are particularly high where animals are grazed
It is unaffected by normal potable water disinfection such as Chlorine
It causes severe diarrhoea and sickness in otherwise healthy people, infected people
can oocysts secreted from the body for months
It can cause complications for those with diabetes, alcoholism, or pregnancy
It can cause death in people with a low or weakened immunity system, there is no
known cure
The parasite Giardia Lamblia also found in surface waters has a similar effect on
humans, can remain in the body for years
© ABB Group
Life Cycle of Cryptosporidium
© ABB Group
Cryptosporidium Oosysts & Parasites viewed under a
Microscope
Oocysts Parasite
© ABB Group
Giardia Lamblia viewed under a Microscope
© ABB Group
The Largest Confirmed Outbreaks in the UK and USA
Year Location Population Population Deaths

Exposed Infected
1984 Bruan Station, Texas, USA 5900 2006 -

1987 Carrollton, Georgia, USA 12,960 12,960 -
1988 Ayrshire, Scotland, UK 24,000 27 -
1989 Swindon, Oxfordshire, UK 741,092 516 -
1991 Pennsylvania, USA 551 551 -
1991 Isle of Thanet, UK 77, 300 47 -
1992 Jackson County, Oregon, USA 15,000 15,000 -
1993 Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA 403,000 403,000 100
1995 Las Vegas, USA - - 19
© ABB Group
Limits on Cryptosporidium Levels
EU and WHO maximum limit is 1 part of Crypto. in 10 litres of water in 24

hours (measured in 1000 litres)
It is NOT killed by normal chlorine disinfection.
It is killed by Ozone and UV disinfection.
It can also be removed by rapid granular filtration or ultrafiltration.
Maintaining the final treated water turbidity < 0.2NTU, assumes complete
removal of Cryptosporidium Spores present in raw water.
© ABB Group
Removal of Cryptosporidium
Chemical
dosing
Powdered
Activated
Carbon

Coagulation
Chemical
dosing Flash Mixer
Treated
Water
© ABB Group
Ion-exchange Resin
© ABB Group
Principle of Nitrate Ion-exchange
Nitrate salts NO - NO3-

in solution K+
3
K+ Na+
NO3- NO3-
NO3 K
- +
Na+
Na+ Resin beads in the
NO3- Chloride form
Cl Cl-
-
Cl -
Sample Cl-
Cl- Cl-
Flow
Cl- - Cl-
Cl
© ABB Group
Principle of Anion Ion-exchange
Exhausted Resin
NO3- NO - beads
Cl- 3
Sample NO3- NO3-
Flow NO3- NO3-
NO3- NO - NO3 Cations remain
-
3
unaffected
Cl- Na+ K+
Cl- Na+
Chloride ions Cl -
Cl-
in solution
K+ Cl- Na+ Cl- K
+-
© ABB Group
Chemical Reactions in Nitrate Exchange Resins
R-Cl + NaNO3-  R-NO3 + NaCl- NO3-

Inlet
resin in Sodium resin in Sodium
chloride nitrate nitrate chloride in
form in solution form solution
Vessel containing resin beads

in the Chloride form (R-Cl)
Cl-
Outlet
© ABB Group
Ion-Exchange De-nitrification
Ion-exchange
bed
Small percentage
of total flow
Virtually zero
S nitrate level
S
S S S S
S
Blending control To distribution
(NO3- < 50mgl-1)
Bore Hole
Sources
© ABB Group
Ion-Exchange De-nitrification Plant
© ABB Group
Biological De-nitrification
Biological De-nitrification relies on the ability of certain naturally occurring bacteria
to use nitrate for respiration in the absence of dissolved oxygen.
NO3-  NO2-  NO  N2O  N2
The bacteria can be supported in sand, gravel or plastic media.
Methanol, ethanol, or acetic acid is added to provide a carbon source.
Nitrate monitoring is required to control the biological process.
© ABB Group
Principle of Reverse Osmosis
Pressure Applied Greater

Then Osmotic Pressure
Migration of Water
Through
Membrane
Resulting in the
Increase in
Volume of Pure
Water
H2 O
Concentrated Pure
Salt Solution Semi-permeable Water
Membrane
© ABB Group
Reverse Osmosis Cartridge Reverse Control Pressure
Osmosis Regulator
Unit Value
Raw Water Inlet

Concentrate
Under Pressure
Outlet
Permeate
Hollow Inlet/Outlet Outlet
Fibre Differential Conductivity –
Membranes Monitors contaminant
rejection
© ABB Group
Reverse Osmosis Membranes and Simple Systems
© ABB Group
Large Reverse Osmosis Systems in Operation
© ABB Group
Medición de la turbidez del agua
© ABB Group
Drinking Water
How it Works – Turbidity Measurement
Turbidity is a measurement of
the cloudiness of a liquid.
When we have a beer we

automatically measure the
turbidity just by looking at it.
Turbidity measurement is
based on the same
“La cerveza no está principal.
turbia – los vasos están
sucios @**#~!!”
© ABB Group
Drinking Water
Absorption
© ABB Group
Drinking Water
How it Works – Absorption
Emitter Module Receiver Module
IR L.E.D
Detector
(880nm)
Lens Lens
Sample Cell
© ABB Group
Drinking Water
How it Works – Absorption
Light received at Detector
Turbidity of Sample
© ABB Group
Drinking Water
How it Works – Nephelometry
Nephelometric Measurement
90°
Backward Forward
Scatter Scatter
Light Absorption
Light Scattered by Suspended Particles

© ABB Group
Drinking Water
Detector
Lens
Receiver
Emitter
Red L.E.D Scattered light
(660nm)
Lens
Sample Cell
© ABB Group
Drinking Water
Light received at Detector
Turbidity of Sample
© ABB Group
Drinking Water
Low Medium High
Absorption
Nephelometric
Level of Turbidity
© ABB Group
Drinking Water
7997 200 Series Sensor (Nephelometric)
© ABB Group
Drinking Water
7997 200 Series Sensor (Nephelometric)
© ABB Group
Drinking Water
7997 Dip version (Nephelometric)
© ABB Group
Drinking Water
Calibration - Dry Calibration Standards
© ABB Group
Drinking Water
Sensor Type Dry Cal. No. Typical Values
7997 200 7997 087 40 to 80NTU
7997 201 & 202 7997 170 0.7 to 1.0NTU
7997 300 7997 165 150 to 200FTU
7997 300 7997 166 300 to 360FTU
7997 400 & 401 7997 160 60 to 80FTU
7997 400 & 401 7997 161 600 to 700FTU
7997 400 & 401 7997 162 800 to 900FTU
7997 400 & 401 7997 163 120 to 160FTU
© ABB Group
Drinking Water
© ABB Group
Drinking Water
© ABB Group
Drinking Water
Turbidity
© ABB Group
pH
Harsh Conditions
© ABB Group
Waste Water
pH – Harsh Conditions
© ABB Group
Waste Water
AP200
Integral Non-
Return Valve
Inner
Reference
Junction
Reference Gel
Electrolyte
Reference
Element
Temperature
PTFE Outer Compensator
Junction
Combined Jet Spray Glass Electrode
And Solution Earth Membrane
© ABB Group
Waste Water
Wash Option
© ABB Group
Waste Water
Wash Option
© ABB Group
Tratamiento de efluentes
© ABB Group
Sewage Treatment
Domestic
Sewage
Industrial
Effluent Sewage
Treatment
Plant
Treated sewage outfall
River discharge
© ABB Group
Primary Chemical Reactions in Sewage Treatment
Sewage Treatment utilises a Biological Processes:
1. Organic Compounds + Oxygen  Carbon Dioxide + Sludge
2. Ammonia + Oxygen  Nitrate + Sludge
Dissolved Oxygen Measurement is the primary parameter for Sewage Treatment

to provide the correct aerobic conditions
© ABB Group
Typical Sewage Treatment Process
Raw Sewage
Inflow
Primary Screens,
Sedimentation Filters, &
Tank Macerators
PRIMARY
PASVEER DITCH ACTIVATED SLUDGE BIOLOGICAL FILTRATION
Aeration Activated
Ditch Sludge Biological
Tank
SECONDARY Filters
Aerators
TERTIARY Final Sand Filtration

Sedimentation & Sterilisation
Treated
© ABB Group
Sewage Discharge
Traditional Biological Filter Treatment
© ABB Group
Modern Biological Filter Using Plastic Media
© ABB Group
Activated Sludge with Surface Aeration
Powerful Electric
Motors
Agitators
Aeration
Lanes
© ABB Group
Surface Aerators in Action
© ABB Group
Activated Sludge with Oxygen / Air Diffusion
Aeration Lane
Air or
Pure Oxygen
Compressor
Diffusers
© ABB Group
Aeration Diffusers
© ABB Group
Zone Aeration Control
Aeration Lane
Air or
Pure Oxygen
Individual Control Signals
© ABB Group
Pre - Phosphate and Nitrate Reduction Stages
Air or
Ferric Sulphate Pure Oxygen
Anaerobic Aerobic
Phosphate Nitrate Oxidation

Reduction Reduction Stage
© ABB Group
Monitoring Ammonia, Nitrate, and Phosphate
© ABB Group
Dissolved Oxygen
© ABB Group
Waste Water
Dissolved Oxygen Measurement
ENERGY COST
SAVINGS
© ABB Group
Waste Water
© ABB Group
Waste Water
© ABB Group
Waste Water
© ABB Group
Waste Water
© ABB Group
Waste Water
Energy burden in Sewage Treatment
70%
60% Aeration represents ⅔ of

energy use in a WT Plant.
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Pumping Other Lighting Aeration
© ABB Group
Waste Water
Floating Ball
Submersible
Cartridge
In-Line
Dip System
© ABB Group
Waste Water
© ABB Group
Waste Water
© ABB Group
Waste Water
© ABB Group
Waste Water
© ABB Group
Waste Water
© ABB Group
April 13, 2023 | Slide 100
Nuevos Monitores de Agua ABB
© ABB Group
April 13, 2023 | Slide 101
Drinking Water
Residual Chlorine
© ABB Group
April 13, 2023 | Slide 102
Drinking Water
Residual Chlorine
© ABB Group
April 13, 2023 | Slide 103
Drinking Water
Fluoride
© ABB Group
April 13, 2023 | Slide 104
Drinking Water
Ammonia
© ABB Group
April 13, 2023 | Slide 105
Drinking Water
Phosphate
© ABB Group
April 13, 2023 | Slide 106
Aztec Product Integration
 Integration planned to be completed by Q3 2009

 Colorimetric Products
 Aztec 600 Aluminium

 Aztec 600 Iron
 Aztec 600 Manganese LR & HR
 Aztec 600 Ammonia

 Aztec 600 Phosphate
 Aztec 600 Colour Turbidity
 Single and Multi Stream Versions
© ABB Group
April 13, 2023 | Slide 107
The New Aztec Platform
Smallest Footprint
© ABB Group
April 13, 2023 | Slide 108
1 – 6 Channels
 Upgrade
on site
 All
Channels
can measure
different
ranges
© ABB Group
April 13, 2023 | Slide 109
Single Stream View
© ABB Group
April 13, 2023 | Slide 110
Single Stream Chart View
© ABB Group
April 13, 2023 | Slide 111
Single Stream Chart Views
Instrument Tag (20 Ch) 10:30:0 Instrument Tag (20 Ch) 10:30:0
5 5
7 Apr 7 Apr
1 20 Character Process Tag
100.5 μg / 05
1 20 Character Process Tag 83.5 μg / 05
0.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 l
100.0 120.0 140.0 l
100.0
80.0
10:25:00
60.0
10:20:10 Low
Silica
10:15:00
40.0
10:35:00
10:25:00
10:45:00
10:15:00
10:05:00
10:05:00
0.0
Vertical Horizontal
© ABB Group
April 13, 2023 | Slide 112
Multi-Stream Views
© ABB Group
April 13, 2023 | Slide 113
Multi-Stream Chart Views
Instrument Tag (20 Ch) 10:30:05

7 Apr 05
1 20 Character Process Tag 4 20 Character Process Tag
100.5 ug / l 125.8 ug / l
40.3 ug / l 7.9 ug / l
64.2 ug / l 86.7 ug / l
0.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0 140.0
6 Stream 4 Stream
© ABB Group
April 13, 2023 | Slide 114
Easiest To Use
Common HMI (Human, Machine Interface) with all

Instrumentation products released in the last 2 years
 If you can use a Nokia mobile phone, you can

Navigate through the Aztec!
© ABB Group
April 13, 2023 | Slide 115
Easiest to use
Easiest to use
 familiar Windows tm
menu system
 built in context-sensitive
help
 grab sample facility for

manual sampling
© ABB Group
April 13, 2023 | Slide 116
Familiar Windows tm CE menu system
© ABB Group
April 13, 2023 | Slide 117
Built in context-sensitive help
© ABB Group
April 13, 2023 | Slide 118
Full Communications
 Remote viewing and configuration
 6 current outputs and user
programmable relays
 SD data card
 Profibus DP V1.0
 Will e-mail up to 6 recipients
© ABB Group
April 13, 2023 | Slide 119
Ethernet Communications
Remote Screen View
© ABB Group
April 13, 2023 | Slide 120
SD data card
Easy

backup and
programming
© ABB Group
April 13, 2023 | Slide 121
Will email up to six recipients
© ABB Group
April 13, 2023 | Slide 122
Remote management of AW600 Silica Analyzer
 Profibus DP V1.0 (option)
DP
DP
AX430
AX480
Conductivity
Dissolved
PA
PA m S/cm
AX460 Oxygen
pH/redox ppm
PA Links
AX410
Conductivity
µS/cm
© ABB Group
April 13, 2023 | Slide 123
Communications
6 current
outputs, 4
device state and
6 user
programmable
relays
© ABB Group
April 13, 2023 | Slide 124
Electrical Outputs
6 x Concentration alarm relays
Out of Service
Calibration in progress Dedicated service
Calibration failure relays
Maintenance / Hold
6 x 0/4 … 20 mA Analog Outputs

(freely assignable and configurable)
Ethernet
Digital Communications
PROFIBUS DP v1.0
© ABB Group
April 13, 2023 | Slide 125
Alarm and audit logs
FDA regulation 21 CFR Part 11: Electronic Records; Electronic Signatures

© ABB Group
April 13, 2023 | Slide 126
Drinking Water
Coagulation Control – Al, Fe, Colour, Turbidity,
Organics, pH, Temperature and Flow
 Automates and optimises control
of the coagulation process
 Saves money on coagulant dosing
 Reduces sludge disposal costs
and minimises operator
intervention and human errors
 Saves energy associated with
mixing and dosing
 Monitoring of final water
parameters to ensure legislation is
met.
 Indicative of the efficiency of
dosing, flocculation and filtering
processes
 Minimises laboratory sampling and
reduces inaccurate sample
determination
© ABB Group
April 13, 2023 | Slide 127
Clarificación
Agua Superficial
© ABB Group
April 13, 2023 | Slide 128
Drinking Water
Surface Water
Clarification
Aluminium Salts
Iron Salts
© ABB Group
April 13, 2023 | Slide 129
Drinking Water
Surface Water Clarification
© ABB Group
April 13, 2023 | Slide 130
Drinking Water
Surface Water Clarification - DAF
© ABB Group
April 13, 2023 | Slide 131
Drinking Water
© ABB Group
April 13, 2023 | Slide 132
Drinking Water
© ABB Group
April 13, 2023 | Slide 133
Drinking Water
Surface Water Clarification – Inclined Plate Sedimentation
© ABB Group
April 13, 2023 | Slide 134
Drinking Water
Surface Water Clarification – Rapid Gravity Filters
© ABB Group
April 13, 2023 | Slide 135
Drinking Water
© ABB Group
April 13, 2023 | Slide 136
Iron and Manganese Monitoring
© ABB Group
April 13, 2023 | Slide 137
Drinking Water
Why Monitor for Iron & Manganese?
Indication Cause
Water clear when drawn but red-brown or black Dissolved iron or manganese
particles appear as water stands; red-brown
or black stains on fixtures or laundry
Water contains red-brown particles when Iron particles from corrosion of pipes and
drawn; particles settle out as water stands equipment
Water contains red-brown or black particles Oxidized iron/manganese due to exposure of

when drawn; particles settle out as water water to air prior to tap
stands
Red-brown or black slime appears in toilet Iron or manganese bacteria
tanks or from clogs in faucets
Reddish or black color that remains longer than Colloidal iron/manganese; organically bound
24 hours iron/manganese
© ABB Group
April 13, 2023 | Slide 138
Drinking Water
Iron
 Iron adds taste and colour to the

water and through deposition,
staining
 Removal is by oxidation and
filtering
 Iron will oxidise in distribution
system
 Control and automation of the
removal process can be
enhanced through accurate
monitoring
 Found throughout water
sources.
© ABB Group
April 13, 2023 | Slide 139
Drinking Water
Iron
© ABB Group
April 13, 2023 | Slide 140
Drinking Water
Manganese
 Manganese adds grit, taste and

colour to the water and through
deposition, staining
 Removal is by oxidation and
filtering
 Manganese will oxidise in
distribution system
 Control and Automation of the
removal process can be initiated
through accurate monitoring
 Wherever drought and low water
levels are prevalent e.g.
Australia
© ABB Group
April 13, 2023 | Slide 141
Colour
© ABB Group
April 13, 2023 | Slide 142
Drinking Water
Colour
© ABB Group
April 13, 2023 | Slide 143
Dissolved Organics
UV 254nm
© ABB Group
April 13, 2023 | Slide 144
Drinking Water
Conjugated Systems & UV Absorbance
 Conjugated compounds can absorb light in the ultraviolet
region of the spectrum
 The region from 2 x 10-7m to 4 x 10-7m (200 to 400 nm) is most
useful in organic chemistry
© ABB Group
April 13, 2023 | Slide 145
Drinking Water
UV 254nm
© ABB Group
April 13, 2023 | Slide 146
Drinking Water
UV Dissolved Organics
© ABB Group
April 13, 2023 | Slide 147
Flow
© ABB Group
April 13, 2023 | Slide 148
Flow
© ABB Group
April 13, 2023 | Slide 149
SM500
 The world’s first field mountable videographic recorder

 Suitable for applications requiring up to eight channel data
recording
 Cost effective alternative to conventional paper chart
devices
© ABB Group
April 13, 2023 | Slide 150
SM500F ScreenMaster Features
 1-4 Process inputs

 Colour LCD display
 Ethernet connectivity
 Removable SD card
 Flow totalisation
 Alarm relays
 Email on demand
 Maths & logic
 Mounting Options
© ABB Group
April 13, 2023 | Slide 151
SM500F in Water & Wastewater
 Effluent discharge
 Pumping stations
 Digester monitoring
 Borehole abstraction
 Quality monitoring
 Chlorine dosing
 Reservoir levels
© ABB Group
April 13, 2023 | Slide 152
These Customers Can’t be Wrong
 Four major water services companies in the England treat on average

6,990Ml/day of water and supply 30% of the UK population with up to
93% of the potable water they drink
 These companies all use Aztec instruments to control and monitor their
water production processes to reduce costs and increase efficiency,
thereby increasing their profit
 They maintain and achieve quality as laid down in the EU Water
Directives and UK government guidelines
© ABB Group
April 13, 2023 | Slide 153
© ABB Group
April 13, 2023 | Slide 154

Abb - Industria Del Agua: Agua Potable Y Efluentes

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Abb - Industria Del Agua: Agua Potable Y Efluentes

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Abb - Industria Del Agua: Agua Potable Y Efluentes

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ing.

Gabriel Báez Cambra – Noviembre 2009

ABB - INDUSTRIA DEL AGUA

1. pH and Conductivity - Indicates a deviation form the norm that

2. Turbidity - Measurement of the suspended particulate matter

3. Temperature - Limits are frequently enforced on the maximum

Ammonia (NH3) is a compound gas comprising nitrogen and hydrogen

A compound anion comprising one nitrogen and three oxygen atoms

Phosphates are compounds of the element phosphorus (P), which forms

Parameter EU(98) US WHO

Potable Water IllegalIncreased

Arable Farm Land Industry

Monitoring down stream from a major discharge

Monitoring upstream, or at the point of potable water abstraction

To guard against pollution incidents on ‘clean’ rivers, to protect aquatic

Upland Water Lowland Groundwater

Parameter Upland Non-Urb Lowland Ground

Reservoir or River Screens

DISSOLVED ‘COLOUR’ SUSPENDED PARTICLES

Sewage Final Effluent Particles

Viruses Cryptosporidium ocysts

Bacteria (e.g. Typhoid, Cholera, Salmonella)

0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000

Turbidity - Nephelometric Turbidity is a measure of cloudiness caused by particulate

Reservoir or River Screens

Due to their negative

suitable at removing organics

Coagulant Dose (pH normally controlled to 6 - 7)

Turbidity Increase in colour

Coagulant Dose (pH normally controlled to 5 - 6)

Reservoir or River Screens

It is a waterborne Pathogenic Organism, once in the human body it rapidly develops

It’s spores (oocysts) live naturally in soil, rivers, and waterways

It is unaffected by normal potable water disinfection such as Chlorine

It can cause complications for those with diabetes, alcoholism, or pregnancy

Year Location Population Population Deaths

1984 Bruan Station, Texas, USA 5900 2006 -

EU and WHO maximum limit is 1 part of Crypto. in 10 litres of water in 24

It is NOT killed by normal chlorine disinfection.

It is killed by Ozone and UV disinfection.

It can also be removed by rapid granular filtration or ultrafiltration.

Reservoir or River Screens

Nitrate salts NO - NO3-

R-Cl + NaNO3-  R-NO3 + NaCl- NO3-

Vessel containing resin beads

Biological De-nitrification relies on the ability of certain naturally occurring bacteria

to use nitrate for respiration in the absence of dissolved oxygen.

NO3-  NO2-  NO  N2O  N2

The bacteria can be supported in sand, gravel or plastic media.

Methanol, ethanol, or acetic acid is added to provide a carbon source.

Nitrate monitoring is required to control the biological process.

Pressure Applied Greater

Raw Water Inlet

When we have a beer we

Emitter Module Receiver Module

Light received at Detector

Light Scattered by Suspended Particles

Light received at Detector

Low Medium High