Nhập môn Công nghệ Thông tin

Chapter 14 - Networks
(Mạng máy tính)

Khoa Công nghệ Thông tin

Can you name some of the devices in a computer network?

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 Networking
Node (host) (Nút – máy)
Any device on a network
Data transfer rate (bandwidth) (Tốc độ truyền
dữ liệu – Băng thông)
The speed with which data is moved from one
place to another on a network

Why is bandwidth so key?

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 Networking
Computer networks have opened up an entire
frontier in the world of computing called the
client/server model (mô hình khách/chủ)

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 Networking
Protocol (giao thức)
A set of rules that defines how data is formatted and processed
on a network
File server (máy chủ dịch vụ tệp)
A computer dedicated to storing and managing files for network
users
Web server (máy chủ Web)
A computer dedicated to responding to requests for web pages
P2P model (mô hình mạng ngang hàng)
A decentralized approach that shares resources and
responsibilities among many “peer” computers

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 Types of Networks
Local-area network (LAN) (Mạng cục bộ)
A network that connects a relatively small number of
machines in a relatively close geographical area
Ring topology (Mô hình vòng) connects all nodes in a
closed loop on which messages travel in one direction
Star topology (Mô hình sao) centers around one node to
which all others are connected and through which all
messages are sent
Bus topology (Mô hình bus) nodes are connected to a
single communication line that carries messages in both
directions

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Types of Networks

Ethernet
The industry standard bus technology for local-
area networks
 Types of Networks
Wide-area network (WAN) (Mạng diện rộng)
A network that connects local-area networks over a
potentially large geographic distance
Metropolitan-area network (MAN) (Mạng cấp thành
phố)
The communication infrastructures that have been
developed in and around large cities
Gateway (Thiết bị kết nối cổng)
One particular set up to handle all communication going
between that LAN and other networks

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Types of Networks

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 Types of Networks
Internet
A wide area network that spans the planet

So, who owns the Internet?

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 Internet Connections
Wireless network (Mạng không dây)
A network in which devices communicate with other
nodes through a wireless access point
Bluetooth
A technology used for wireless communication over
short distances

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 Internet Connections
Internet backbone (Xương sống Internet)
A set of high-speed networks that carry Internet traffic,
provided by companies such as AT&T, Verizon, GTE,
British Telecom, and IBM
Internet service provider (ISP) (Nhà cung cấp dịch vụ
Internet)
An organization providing access to the Internet

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 Internet Connections
Various technologies available to connect a home
computer to the Internet
Phone modem converts computer data into an analog audio
signal for transfer over a telephone line, and then a modem
at the destination converts it back again into data
Digital subscriber line (DSL) uses regular copper phone lines
to transfer digital data to and from the phone company’s
central office
Cable modem uses the same line that your cable TV signals
come in on to transfer the data back and forth

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 Packet Switching
Packet (gói)
A unit of data sent across a network
Router (thiết bị định tuyến)
A network device that directs a packet between networks
toward its final destination
Packet switching (chuyển mạch gói)
Messages are divided into fixed-sized, numbered packets;
packets are individually routed to their destination, then
reassembled
 Packet Switching

Take a message, break it into three packets, and

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Open Systems
Open Systems Interconnection
Reference Model
(mô hình OSI 7 lớp)
A seven-layer logical break down
of network interaction to facilitate
communication standards
Each layer deals with a particular
aspect of network communication

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 Network Protocols
• Network protocols are layered such that each
one relies on the protocols that underlie it
• Sometimes referred to as a protocol stack

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 High-Level Protocols
Other protocols build on TCP/IP protocol suite
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) used to specify
transfer of electronic mail
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) allows a user to transfer files to
and from another computer
Telnet used to log onto one computer from another
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (http) allows exchange of Web
documents

Which of these have you used?

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High-Level Protocols
Port
A numeric
designation
that
corresponds to
a particular
high-level
protocol

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 Network Addresses
Hostname (địa chỉ máy)
A name made up of words separated by dots that
uniquely identifies a computer on the Internet
IP address (địa chỉ IP)
An address made up of four one-byte numeric values
separated by dots that uniquely identifies a computer
on the Internet

Is there a correspondence between the parts of a

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 Network Addresses

What is wrong with the IP4 strategy?

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 Network Addresses

IPv4
The last block was assigned in 2011
IPv6
32 bits organized into 4 groups of 8
FE80:0000:0000:0000:0202:B3FF:FE1E:8329

They work in parallel

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 Domain Name System
Host number (số máy)
The part of the IP address that specifies a particular
host (machine) on the network Yes, but what is it?
Domain name (tên miền)
The part of a hostname that specifies a specific
organization or group
Top-level domain (TLD)
The last section of a domain name that specifies the
type of organization or its country of origin

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 Domain Name System
Domain name system (DNS) (dịch vụ tên miền)
A distributed system for managing hostname resolution
Domain name server (máy chủ tên miền)
A computer that attempts to translate a hostname into
an IP address
Domain Squatting
Ransoming domain names
Should the tables containing hostname/IP
mappings be sorted or unsorted? Why?

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Domain Name System

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 Domain Name System
Organizations based in countries other than the United States
use a top-level domain that corresponds to their two-letter
country codes

Have you
emailed
someone
in another
country?

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 Domain Name System

A very small, random selection of new TLDs that

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 Who Controls the Internet?
Control of IP addresses and domain names
• Internet began as ARPANET, a project of the US Dept. of
Defense
• Control subcontracted to ICANN in 1998
• US gov’t to further reduce role as early as 2015
FCC proposal
• Would allow ISPs to provide “premium” access to certain
customers, perhaps by deliberately slowing down data transfer
for others
• Net neutrality - The principle that ISPs should deliver data to
everyone equally, as fast as the technology allows

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 Cloud Computing (Điện toán đám mây)
• Public clouds are accessible by any subscriber
• Private clouds are established for a specific group or
organization
• Community clouds are shared among two or more
organizations with the same needs
• Hybrid clouds are some combination of the others

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