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    1.2 Flight Envelope

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    Rheanne Cerveza
    The document discusses aircraft flight envelopes and V-n diagrams, which show the limits of an aircraft's performance in terms of speed and load factor. It provides equations to calculate positive and negative maneuvering load factors, design maneuvering speed, normal force coefficients, design cruising speed, and design dive speed. An example problem is given to determine these values for a utility category aircraft given specifications like gross weight, wingspan, wing area, maximum lift coefficient and lift curve slope.

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    1.2 Flight Envelope

    Uploaded by

    Rheanne Cerveza
    77 views19 pages
    The document discusses aircraft flight envelopes and V-n diagrams, which show the limits of an aircraft's performance in terms of speed and load factor. It provides equations to calculate positive and negative maneuvering load factors, design maneuvering speed, normal force coefficients, design cruising speed, and design dive speed. An example problem is given to determine these values for a utility category aircraft given specifications like gross weight, wingspan, wing area, maximum lift coefficient and lift curve slope.

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    1.2-Flight-Envelope

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    The document discusses aircraft flight envelopes and V-n diagrams, which show the limits of an aircraft's performance in terms of speed and load factor. It provides equations to calculate positive and negative maneuvering load factors, design maneuvering speed, normal force coefficients, design cruising speed, and design dive speed. An example problem is given to determine these values for a utility category aircraft given specifications like gross weight, wingspan, wing area, maximum lift coefficient and lift curve slope.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    77 views19 pages

    1.2 Flight Envelope

    Uploaded by

    Rheanne Cerveza
    The document discusses aircraft flight envelopes and V-n diagrams, which show the limits of an aircraft's performance in terms of speed and load factor. It provides equations to calculate positive and negative maneuvering load factors, design maneuvering speed, normal force coefficients, design cruising speed, and design dive speed. An example problem is given to determine these values for a utility category aircraft given specifications like gross weight, wingspan, wing area, maximum lift coefficient and lift curve slope.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 19

    Aircraft Design 2

    Flight Envelope or
    V-n Diagram
    Flight Envelope

     In aerodynamics, the flight envelope, service envelope, or


    performance envelope of an aircraft refers to the capabilities
    of a design in terms of airspeed and load factor or altitude.
     The term is somewhat loosely applied, and can also refer to
    other measurements such as maneuverability.
     Flight envelope protection is a human machine interface
    extension of an aircraft's control system that prevents the
    pilot of an aircraft from making control commands that would
    force the aircraft to exceed its structural and aerodynamic
    operating limits.
    V-n diagram

     A chart of speed versus load factor (or V-n diagram) is a


    way of showing the limits of an aircraft's performance.
     It shows how much load factor can be safely achieved at
    different airspeeds.
    Maneuvering Load Factors

     (a) The positive limit maneuvering load factor “n” may be calculated as:

     Except that “n” need not be greater than 3.8 and shall not be less than 2.5
    for Normal category.
     Except that “n” need not be greater than 4.4 and shall not be less than 2.5
    for Utility category.
     Except that “n” need not be greater than 6.0 and shall not be less than 2.5
    for Acrobatic category.
    Maneuvering Load Factors

     (b) The negative limit maneuvering load factor “-n” may not
    be less than;
     -0.4n for Normal and Utility category
     -0.5n for acrobatic category
    Design Maneuvering Speed, VA

     This is the speed above which it is unwise to make full


    application of any single flight control as it may generate
    a force greater than the aircraft's structural limitations.
    Normal Force Coefficient (VA)

     The normal force, N, acting on a wing is the force that is perpendicular to the
    chord or body of the wing.
     Formula for + CNA maximum curve:

     Where +n = positive limit maneuvering load factor.


    Normal Force Coefficient (VA)

     Formula for - CN maximum curve:


    A

     Where –n = negative limit maneuvering load factor.


    Design Cruising Speed, VCdes

     Design cruising speed is used to show compliance with gust


    intensity loading.
    Limit Gust Load Factor (for VC)

     Gust load factor, n, is


    defined as ratio of the lift of
    an aircraft penetrated in a
    gust to the aircraft weight. It
    represents the aircraft
    normal overload or
    acceleration encountering a
    gust.
    Design Dive Speed, VD

     Design diving speed, the highest speed planned to be


    achieved in testing.
    Sample Problem
    Determine the limit factors [+- limit maneuvering load factor, limit gust load factors
    (VC), and limit gust load factors (VD)]at sea level, stall speed, design maneuvering flight
    speed and normal force coefficients for VA , minimum cruising speed, design cruising
    speed and design dive speed assuming the following data; gross weight = 2,000 lb, BHPmax
    = 150, wingspan = 38 ft., design wing area = 210 sq. ft., CLmax = 1.5, estimated level high
    speed = 160 mph, lift curve slope = 4.25 per radian, utility category.

    Required: +-n, n(VC), n(VD), VS, VA, +-CNA , VCmin , Vcdes , VD

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