LEGAL PROVISION

Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) 1994

• The Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) 1994 and its
Regulations aims
• secure the safety, health and welfare of persons at work, to
protect others against risk
• to safety or health in connection with the activities of persons
at work, and to promote
• an occupational environment for persons at work which is
adapted to their
• physiological and psychological needs.
WHAT IS ERGONOMIC?
Ergonomic is the study of the
Relationship
between people and their Environment

The Goal of Ergonomics is to make

The work fit to worker instead of
Making the worker fit the work
Body Symptoms Survey
 Progress of Symptoms and Signs
of Chronic Musculoskeletal Disorders
7

5
Pain & Discomfort

4
Costs

0 Symptoms
Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 (injured)
ERGONOMICS RISK FACTORS

Over 80% of the working population will experience

low back pain at least once in their lifetime. Many
people sit all day at work, often with poor posture.
 BODY SYMPTOMS SURVEY

Body Symptoms Survey

90

80

70

60

50

40 80
75
30 56
51 55 51
46
20 37 38
33
10 17
9 12 12 13
3 7 5 3 6 2 7 4 1
0
Neck (138) Lower Back (127) Shoulder (114) Wrist (83) Knee (87) Heels (74)

Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4

 LOWER BACK PAIN SCREENING
Lower Back Pain
100%
2 1
2 1 1 1
90%
1 1
80% 1
4
70%
17 2 1
60% 3
4
50% 2
40% 5 1
3
30%
4
20%
11 2 2
10% 1 1
2
0%
N/A Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4
 NECK PAIN SCREENING

Neck Pain
100% 1 0
3 1
90% 2
1
80%
2 3
70% 14
60% 1
1
50%
3
40% 7 1
30%
6
20%
10 3 1
10%
0%

N/A Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4

Number Of Occupational Disease Cases Reported and
Occupational Disease Rate (per 10,000 employees)
2002 -2015
SOME OF THE EXAMPLES OF RISK FACTORS

1. Awkward Postures
2. Repetitive Motion
3. Static Loading / Postures
4. Forceful Exertion
5. Contact Stress
RISK 1: Awkward Posture (Office)
RISK 1: Awkward Posture (MANUAL HANDLING)
RISK 2: Repetitive Motion (office)
RISK 2: Repetitive Motion (manual handling)
RISK 3: Static Loading / Posture (office)

Static loading occurs when

muscles must hold the body
in a single position for a long
period of time. Lack of
movement reduces
circulation and causes
muscle tension
 RISK 3: Static Loading / Posture (manual
handling)

Planning whenever you want to lift something

 Risk 4: Forceful Exertions (Office)

• Force is the amount of muscular effort expended

to perform work.
• Exerting large amounts of force can result in
fatigue and contribute to injury.
 Risk 4: Forceful Exertions (manual
handling)

• Force is the amount of muscular effort expended to

perform work.
• Exerting large amounts of force can result in fatigue and
contribute to injury.
RISK 5: Contact Stress (office)
RISK 5: Contact Stress (manual handling)
 AWKWARD POSTURE
Max Exposure Duration: More than 2 Hours/day
• Work with lifted shoulder
• Work with head bend downward
• Work with head bend backward
• Work with head bend forward
• Work with body twisted ( picking documents,
Drawers , phone)
• Work with wrist flexion or extension
or deviation.
• Extended reaching ( reach mouse,
• Keyboard , documents)
 REPETITIVE MOTION
Max Duration: More than 3 Hours or more than
1 hours continuously without break
• Work involving repetitive sequence of movement
(More than twice per minute )
• Work involving intensive use fingers, hands, or wrist
• Work involving repetitive shoulder/arm movement
• Work using the heel of palm as “hammer”
( more than once per minute )
 STATIC LOADING/ POSTURE
• Work in a static awkward posture for more than 2 hours/day
( continuously/cumulatively)

• Work in a standing position for more than 2 hours continuously

 FORCEFUL EXERTIONS
Acceptable Weight: Female 3kg-16kg & Male 5kg-25kg
* Depends on object position & Frequency

• Lifting and Lowering ( boxes, heavy

documents )
• Pushing
• Pulling
• Carrying (acceptable distance: 2m – 10m)
 CONTACT STRESS
• Work with any parts of hands (e.g. wrist,
forearm) rest on edge of table or laptop
or keyboard
IMPROVING OFFICE WORKSTATION
 4 stage of
DISC
HERNIATION
Sciatica
The sciatic nerve is located in the back of the leg. It
controls the muscles of the back of the knee and lower
leg. The sciatic nerve also provides sensation to the back
of the thigh, part of the lower leg, and the sole of the
foot. Partial damage to the nerve may demonstrate
weakness of knee flexion (bending), weakness of foot
movements, difficulty bending the foot inward
(inversion), or bending the foot down (plantar flexion). A
person's reflexes may be abnormal, with weak or absent
ankle-jerk reflex. Several different tests can be
performed to find the cause of sciatic nerve dysfunction.
Damage to the nerves
can cause pain, tingling,
numbness or weakness
in the area where the
nerve travels. Damage
to the spinal cord at any
level can cause many
symptoms, from
paralysis to numbness.
TO FIX THE LUMBAR FUSION
FACTORS FOR MSD INJURY

Posture

Musculoskeletal
disease

Fitness Ergonomics
 DEFINITION OF POSTURE
Posture is a position of your body and the
arrangements of body parts relative to one
another
Proper posture is where it holds body uprights
against gravity while standing, sitting and lying
down that only require minimal energy
Postural dysfunction or “Poor” posture is
defined as when our spine is positioned in
unnatural positions, in which the curves
are emphasized and results in the joints, muscles
and vertebrae being in stressful positions.
 POSTURAL ANALYSIS

FRONT SIDE BACK

Neck Posture No. of Worker

23

180
Shoulder Posture No. of Worker

123

71
Back Posture No. of Worker

70

113

20
HUMAN POSTURE
HOW WE ASSESS POSTURE?

SIDE
BACKVIEW
FRONT VIEW
VIEW
ARE YOU AWARE OF THESE?

FORWARD HEAD POSTURE (FHP)

ROUNDED SHOULDER

FORWARD HIP TILT

FORWARD HEAD POSTURE (FHP)

AS THE DEGREE OF NECK TILT INCREASES, IT WILL PUT HIGH

PRESSURE ON OUR NECK AND BACK MUSCLES
 FORWARD HEAD
POSTURE correlates with
ROUNDED
SHOULDER
Cause chest muscles
become tight

Slowly internally
rotate shoulder
forward

Posture muscles of
upper back weaken
and loosen
ROUNDED SHOULDER
If the pencil
pointing straight
forward, it indicates
correct posture

If the pencil facing

at each other or
rotate at any
angle, it shows
you internally
rotated shoulder
FORWARD HIP TILT

• Occurs when hip flexors shorten and hip flexors

lengthen
• The front of pelvis drips and back of pelvis lift up
What is Muscular
Fitness?
• Muscular fitness is the term used to describe
overall ability on the continue of muscular
performance where strength and endurance
represent the polar ends of this continuum.
• Strength is the measurement of the maximal
force capability of the muscle and endurance is
the measurement of the ability to continue
performing a contraction at a submaximal level.
 Strength Assessment
1. Static:
• Dynamometers: the most commonly performed static strength
test is the measurement of grip strength using a handgrip
dynamometer. Grip-strength norms are given in Table 5.1, and
the procedures for the grip-strength test are described in Box
5.1 and illustrated in Figure 5.2
• Tensiometers: for sports related physical fitness
2. Dynamic:
• Dynamic muscular contractions can be performed with either
concentric or eccentric movements and with different methods
of loading the resistance
Endurance Assessment
• Push up Test:
• To measure upper body endurance (chest, shoulder, hand)
• For both men and women, the subject’s back must be
straight at all times and the subject must push up to a
straight arm position.
• The maximal number of push-ups performed consecutively
without rest is counted as the score.
• The test is stopped when the client strains forcibly or is
unable to maintain the appropriate technique within two
repetitions.
Squat Test:
• To measure lower body endurance (quads,
hamstring, glutes)

• Keep the midsection tight. Send your butt back

and down. Keep as much pressure on the heels
as possible.

• Stop when the fold of the hip is below the knees-

break parallel with the thigh.
 Squat Test Result for Male

Age 18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 56-65 65+

Excellent >49 >45 >41 >35 >31 >28

Good 44-49 40-45 35-41 29-35 25-31 22-28

Above average 39-43 35-39 30-34 25-38 21-24 19-21

Average 35-38 31-34 27-29 22-24 17-20 15-18

Below Average 31-34 29-30 23-26 18-21 13-16 11-14

Poor 25-30 22-28 17-22 13-17 9-12 7-10

Very Poor <25 <22 <17 <9 <9 <7

 Squat Test Result for Female
Age 18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55 56-65 65+

Excellent >43 >39 >33 >27 >24 >23

Good 37-43 33-39 27-33 22-27 18-24 17-23

Above average 33-36 29-32 23-26 18-21 13-17 14-16

Average 29-32 25-28 19-22 14-17 10-12 11-13

Below Average 25-28 21-24 15-18 10-13 7-9 5-10

Poor 18-24 13-20 7-14 5-9 3-6 2-4

Very Poor <18 <20 <7 <5 <3 <2

Sit and Reach Test:

Remove your shoes and sit on a flat surface, legs extended

in front of the body, toes pointing up and feet slightly
apart, with the soles of the feet against the base of the
step or any flat surface.

Place a ruler on the ground between your legs or on the

top of the step. Reach slowly forward. At the point of your
greatest reach, hold for a couple of seconds, and measure
how far you have reached. You will have 3 practice
reaches.

Testers should ensure that the knees of the participant

stay extended; however, the participant’s knees should not
be pressed down. The client/patient should breathe
normally during the test and should not hold her/his
breath at any time.
 Flexibility
Sit and reach test
PSYCHOSOCIAL ASSESSMENT
PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS
How We Cope with Problems
(New Straits Times 26th September 2016)
 OSH ACT 1994
• Objects of the Act (summary)

1. To secure the safety, health and welfare of persons at

work,
2. To protect persons at a place other than persons at
work,
3. To promote an occupational environment for persons
at work which is adapted to their physiological and
psychological needs
PSYCHOSOCIAL
SCREENING
FORM
KAJI SELIDIK TEKANAN DI
TEMPAT KERJA
Score Interpretation

10 – 39 Low

40 – 69 Moderate

70 – 100 Severe
CONCLUSION Ergonomic
ted
rre l a
Inte

Healthy
live

Fitness Posture