FIBER OPTIC COMMUNICATION...

BY:
DHANEESH J
What Is Optic fibre…
• An optical fiber is a cylindrical dielectric waveguide
(nonconducting waveguide) that transmits light along
its axis through the process of total internal reflection.
The fiber consists of a core surrounded by a cladding
layer, both of which are made of dielectric materials.
Discovery of optic fibre
• Charles Kuen Kao is known as the “father of fiber optic
communications” for his discovery in the 1960s of certain
physical properties of glass, which laid the groundwork for high-
speed data communication in the Information Age.
 FIBRE FABRICATION
OUT LINE...
 Introduction
 Classification of fibre fabrication
 External chemical vapour deposition
 Axial Vapour Deposition
 Internal chemical vapour deposition
 Multiple element glass
 Phasil system
 Conclusion
INTRODUCTION...

In this session we are going to see about the overall views

about the fabric fabrication and then all about the various
method and the characteristics of the methods that involve in
the fabric fabrication.
 CLASSIFICATION OF FIBRE FABRICATION

• There are classification of fibre fabrication based on the coating

which is applied on line with the fibre drawing process.
• Fibres can be fabricate by the number of techniques as below.

External chemical Internal chemical External chemical

Multiple element
vapour deposition vapour deposition vapour deposition
glass
of spoot of glass of glass

Phasil system
 External chemical vapour deposition of spoot
• The process of producing core as well as the cladding materials
in the pure form.
• It have the capable to operate continuously called batch
process.
• The other name for this process called Outside Vapour Phase
Oxidation (OVPO) or Outside Vapour Deposition (OVD).
• This process can produce high quality multinode fibre.
• But this process is not suitable for fabrication of single mode
fibres.
 External chemical vapour deposition of glass

• Fibre fabrication can produce synthetic silica on industrial scale.

• The addition of dopant(a Doping agent) requires the control of the
vaporization characteristics.
• A fluorine and boron doped silica can be produced.
• Readly available dopents are Ge, Boron, Phosphorus, Fluorine
Schematic diagram for External chemical vapour deposition of
glass
 Axial Vapour Deposition
• It is similar as the external chemical vapour deposition
method.
• It will produce less pollution compare with the OVPO
(Outside Vapour Phase Oxidation).
• Deposition is either in powder or soot form.
• Deposition done in the end of the rotating rod.
• During deposition, the away rod move slowly from the
flame.
schematic diagram for Axial Vapour Deposition
 Internal chemical vapour deposition of glass

• By this we can produce fibre core and the cladding material in

very pure stage, within substrate tube.
• The aliases are
1) modern chemical vapour deposition(MCVD)
2) Internal chemical vapour deposition( Int. CVD)
3) Inside vapour deposition(IVD)
4) Inside vapour phase oxidation(IPVO)
schematic Internal chemical vapour deposition of glass
 Multi-Element Glasses
• In this pure basic oxides and carbonates are manufactured
• To purify raw material they use wet chemical process, required
chemical are mixed in clean environment and the pure silica crucibles
• It is basically a double-crucibles arrangement, as this process includes
a wet chemical process, the purity attained by this process is not good
as that obtained in CVD process.
• Due to inefficient separation of transition metal halides there are
appreciable absorption loss.
• Loss controlled by oxidation or reduction during glass melting
• Glass composition range is potentially large
 Phasil system

• Number of stages are lengthy.

• It is effective and large number of performs can be processed at a time, in
parallel.
• Rate of production is high.
Conclusion

• This are the overall views for the fibre fabrication.

• Optic fibre technology is one of the developing technology in the
world.
• It is used in the many ways like data transfer, lights used in
hospitals, etc
External chemical vapour deposition
 Slide 2
• The process used to produce Core as well as Clading
material Is of very pure.
• The process capable Of operating Continuously is called a
Batch process.
• This process is called External Chemical Vapour Deposition.
 Slide 3
Schematic diagram for External chemical vapour
 Slide 4

Process detail:
• Flame hydrolysis process Deposits the glass of
required Composition.
• The deposition may be either In form of powder Or
soot, Layer uniformly Over the length of the mandrel.
 Slide 5

• After the deposition Has been completed, the material is Sintered.

The consolidated tube Is then thermally Collapsed b heating to a high
temperature and a solid Preform rod is Coated.
• This process can produce High quality multimode (SI and GRIN)
fibre. But this process is not Suitable for fabrication of single mode
fibres.
 Slide 6

Characteristic:
• No dimensional restriction.
• Typical numerical Aperture of the fibre produced by this method.
• Rate of deposition is 1 to 2 grams per minute.
• A very large preform can be produced.
 Slide 7

• Dispersion: Maximum attainable value Is 1 GHz.Km.

Whereas readily achieved value is 600 GHz.Km.
• The fibers produced in this process have adequate
strength.
 Slide 8

• There is also another form of external chemical vapour

deposition.
•That is axial vapor deposition method.
Axial Vapour Deposition
What is vapour Axial deposition?

Vapour axial deposition (VAD) is a fibre preform fabrication

method where core and cladding layers are simultaneously
deposited as glass particles on a rotating bait structure to form the
fibre inner cladding and core structure

Silicon chloride, SiCl4 and germanium chloride, GeCl4 are

oxidized to form silica and germania particles.
Deposition is used in VAD process

The process deposits a glass soot mixture

of silicon-dioxide and germanium-
dioxide to create the light guide core and
cladding around the core.
Introduction…

It is similar as the external chemical vapour

deposition method. Its Is also known as
AVD or VAD. So now we discuss brief
about the Axial Vapour Deposition
 It will produce less pollution compare with the OVPO
(Outside Vapour Phase Oxidation).
 Deposition is either in powder or soot form.
 Deposition done in the end of the rotating rod.
 During deposition, the away rod move slowly from the
flame.
 The rod is slowly moved away from the flame from the
flame during the deposition
 The soot is sintered produced by after drying if and then
fused.
 As the result, a very long preform rod is formed
By the experiment we can able to
understand the concept easily
schematic diagram for Axial Vapour Deposition
Major advantage

This is especially true for sili ca-based glasses and is being

trace out for fluoride based glasses. The advantages of
vapour phase processing include not only high purity but
also flexibility, allowing the fabrication of the complex
index profiles required to optimize fibre performance.
Conclusion…
■ This are all the Axial Vapour deposition of glasses in fibre
fabrication
■ Some of the most popular uses of fibre optic cables
Computer Networking; Surgery and Dentistry; Automotive
Industry; Telephone; Lighting and Decorations; Mechanical
Inspections; Cable Television; Military and Space
Applications
 FIBRE FABRICATION

INTERNAL CHEMICAL VAPOUR

DEPOSITION
 What is chemical vapour deposition

Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is a vacuum

deposition method used to produce high quality,
high-performance, solid materials. ... In typical
CVD, the wafer (substrate) is exposed to one or more
volatile precursors, which react and/or decompose on
the substrate surface to produce the desired deposit.
 What is chemical Vapour deposition technique

Chemical vapour deposition (CVD) is a coating

process that uses thermally induced chemical
reactions at the surface of a heated substrate,
with reagents supplied in gaseous form. These
reactions may involve the substrate material itself
 BY USING EXPERIMAENTAL
PROCESS WE CAN HAVE A Clear
CUT IDEA ABOUT THE internal
CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION
METHOD
Schematic Diagram Of External Chemical
Vapor Deposition
 1 process…
st

• This method is also batch process, like external chemical vapour deposition
technique.
• By this method we can process the fibre core and cladding materials very very
purestage, with in a substrate tube.
• It’s various aliases are “modified chemical vapour deposition” MCVD, “Internal
chemical vapour deposition”(internal CVD), “inside vapour deposition and inside
vapour phase oxidation”.
• Details of the process: The class of the desired composition is deposited on the
inside of the glass tupe which is rotating in a glass lath.
 Characteristics of this method:
• There is a dimensional restriction
• The typical value of the NA of the fiber produced by
this method is 0.22.
• The rate of deposition is 0.5gram per minute.
• Loss: fiber is scattered loss limited.
• Dispersion : same as external CVD process
• Fibre producing in this process have adequate strength
 2nd Process of Internal CVD
• In this process the electric current heating the ionized gases in the
form of an isothermal plasma generates the heat of reactions.
• The material deposited is in glassy form.
• The deposition is kept moderate.
Characteristics of this process:
• There is dimensional restriction.
• Rate of deposition is 1.0 gm per minute.
• Loss is scatter-limited.
• The possible dispersion of the product is 600 MHz.km.
• Fibre producing in this process have adequate strength
• The NA of the fibre so produce is 0.2
 3rd process of the Internal CVD
• In this process of internal CVD, the heat of reactions is generated
by electrical heating of the ionized gases at reduced pressure, in
the form of a non-isothermal heterogeneous plasma and glass is
deposited directly.
• The reaction is 100% efficient.
• The quality of material flow is limited and the temperature of the
plasma is well-controlled
• Material is deposition on the inner surface of a substrate tube,
which I heated below softening points .
Characteristics of this process:
• There is dimensional restriction
• Outer diameter to core diameter ratio should be 3:2.
• NA( Numerical Aperture)=0.2.
• The rate of deposition is 0.2gm per minute.
• Possible dispersion is 1GHz km.
• Loss is scattered-limited
• Fiber producing in this process have adequate strength
Fibre Fabrication

Multi element glasses

 INTRODUCTION

• 1.Silica is the major constituent of glass

fibre types (more than 50%)
• 2.Other ingredients include the aluminum,
calcium and magnesium oxides and borates.
Glass fibres
• The multi-element glasses are manufactured from very
pure basic oxide and carbonates.
• Glass fibre are manufactured from molten glass, from
which glass monofilament are draw and then gathered to
strands
• The strands are used for preparation of different glass
fibre products(yarns, roving, woven fabric, mats/.
• In this method, raw materials are purified by wet chemical
processes.
• Wet chemical processing is used for a variety of purposes, from
chemical removal of material(wetetching) to the deposition oh
materials (electroplating), to sample cleaning, to the creation of
patterns on the surface using optical lithography technique.
• The required chemicals are mixed in a clean environment and
fired in pure silica crucibles.
• The desired glasses are draw from the crucibles in rod
from ready for remelting in double crucibles for fibre
formation.
• It is basically a double crucible arrangement.

• As this process include a wet chemical processe, the purity

attained by this process is not as good that obtained in CVD
process.
• Due to the ineffective separation of the transition metal
halides, there are appreciable absorption losses.
• However, these losses can be reduced by controlling
the oxidation or reduction conditions imposed during
glass-melting.

• This process is used for large volume continuous fibre-

fabrication and has cost advantage for large-scale
production.
• Glass composition range is potentially
large.
 Characteristic…

• The range of NA (numerical Aperture) is 0.2 to 0.6.

• The total range of 3db/km at wavelength 0.85 m can be achieve for some
glass system.
• Due to OH absorption, long wavelength performance is poor.
• Rate of production is very high.
• Attainable possible dispersion is 300MHz/Km .
• There is no dimensional restriction .
• Possible composition are,
Na-B-Si, Pb-Si, Th-B-Si, Na-Ca-Si, K-B-Si, Ge-B-Si
Is fibre glass is a plastic?
1. A fibre glass is a form of fibre-reinforcement plastic
where glass fibre is the reinforced plastic.

2.This is the reason perhaps why fibre glass is also glass

reinforced plastic or glass fibre reinforced plastic.
 Important commercial product
• Fibre glass roving is produced by collecting a bundle of strands into a single
strand, which is wound into a stable, cylindrical package.
• This is called a multiend roving processs.
 Health Problems
Worker are more likely to get affected by exposure to
fibreglass. Some of the problem are :
1. A rash can appear on skin
2. Eyes may become red and irritated
3. Soreness in the nose and throat
Smaller fibres have the ability to reach the lower part of the
lungs increase the change of adverse health effects
 Step to reduce exposer
• Wear loose fitting, long-sleeved clothing and glove.
• Wear mask over the nose and mouth to prevent
breathing in the fibres
• Wear goggles or safety glasses with side shields to
protect the eyes
• Open a window or a door to increase ventilation and
reduce dust levels.
• Use a shop vacuum after wetting the dust and fiber
 Conclusion

This are the information and process that involve in the making of the multi
element fibre glass.
Multi element glasses are used in the thing which are used in our daily life
That are :
• Camera lens
• 3D glasses
• Used in manufacturing of blue lens.
 Fibre Fabrication

PHASIL SYSTEM
 INTRODUCTION

In this session we are going to see about the

Phasil system in fibre fabrication with detail
explanation
 Phasil system

• It is the vicor glass process based fabrication process number

of stage involved in this process are lenghtly, but effeicient
and a large number of process of profrom can be processed.
At a time in parallel.
– In the Initial stage vicor roads are leached and as a result
Only a honey comb silca structure is left.
• In the next stage the required pure dopant
molecule are stuffed into the road by the a
solution treatment
• A second particle leaching process forms the
clad layer