Cloud Computing

Amandeep Ummat
CSE CEC
  While the public cloud presents many advantages,
organizations also face a range of challenges and
must separate cloud computing myths from
realities:
Challenges  Runaway costs. Increasingly complex cloud costs
in Public and pricing models make it difficult for
Cloud organizations to keep track of IT spending. The
cloud is often cheaper than on-premises options,
but organizations sometimes end up paying more
for cloud. Pricey data egress fees make staying on a
cloud budget even more challenging
  Scarce cloud expertise. Another challenge is
the skills gap among IT professionals in the cloud
computing industry. Companies struggle to hire
and retain staff with expertise in building and
managing modern cloud applications. Without this
expertise, organizations are ill-equipped to handle
the complexities of modern IT demands. IT
professionals that hope to fill these roles can better
Challenges prepare for career opportunities by fine-tuning
in Public their cloud skills in areas such as architecture,
operations and coding.
Cloud  Limited controls. Public cloud users also face the
tradeoff of limited control over their IT stack since
the provider can decide when and how to manage
configurations. Other public cloud challenges
include data separation problems due to multi-
tenancy, latency issues for remote end-users and
adherence to industry- and country-specific
regulations.
  Private cloud is an on-demand cloud deployment
model where cloud computing services and
infrastructure are hosted privately, often within a
company’s own intranet or data center using
proprietary resources and are not shared with other
organizations. The company usually oversees the
management, maintenance, and operation of the
private cloud. A private cloud offers an enterprise
more control and better security than a public
cloud, but managing it requires a higher level of IT
Private Cloud expertise.

 Private clouds are cloud environments solely

dedicated to the end user, usually within the user’s
firewall. Although private clouds traditionally ran
on-premise, organizations are now building private
clouds on rented, vendor-owned data centers
located off-premise.
  Private clouds rely on a handful of various
technologies, but understanding
how virtualization works is the key to
How do understanding how private clouds work. A private
private cloud uses virtualization technology to combine
resources sourced from physical hardware into
clouds shared pools.
work?  This way, the cloud doesn't have to create
environments by virtualizing resources one at a
time from a bunch of different physical systems. A
scripted IT process can just grab all those resources
from a single source—like a data supermarket.
  Adding a layer of management software gives
administrative control over the infrastructure,
How do platforms, applications, and data that will be used
in the cloud by helping cloud admins track and
private optimize use, oversee integration points, and retain
clouds or recover data.

work?  When the final automation layer is added to replace

or reduce human interaction with repeatable
instructions and processes, the self-service
component of the cloud is complete and that
bundle of technologies is now a private cloud..
  Specific security or compliance needs: For
organizations that are subject to regulatory
compliance requirements, a private cloud may be
necessary to achieve compliance. Similarly, an
organization may choose to use a private cloud to
Why a store sensitive data in order to retain greater
control over security.
private  Technical expertise: Running a private cloud
cloud? requires a higher level of technical investment and
expertise to manage the added complexity that
would be handled by the cloud provider under a
public cloud model. Enterprises that are confident
in their technical abilities are well placed to take
advantage of a private cloud.
  Predictable resource needs: One of the foremost
benefits of public clouds is elasticity, or the ability
Why a to scale resources up and down quickly when needs
private fluctuate. However, some organizations don’t need
this elasticity because their usage is relatively
cloud? consistent. For these organizations, a private cloud
can be a better option.
  There are different types of private clouds that
deliver different services. For example, when a
company uses a private cloud for infrastructure as a
service (IaaS), the cloud might host storage,
Types of networking, or compute services. Private clouds
private can also support platform as a service (PaaS)
applications, which work just like regular software
cloud applications that are hosted on a local computer.
 There are also a variety of types of private cloud
hosting options. These include software-only
platforms, combined software and hardware
packages, and hosted or managed private clouds.
Hosted or managed means the private cloud server
may live on the customer’s premises or in a
vendor’s data center, but is hosted and sometimes
managed by a vendor.
  Virtual private cloud: This type is different from
conventional private clouds because the resources
in a virtual private cloud exist in a walled-off area
on a public cloud instead of being hosted on-
Types of premises.
private  Hosted private cloud: This type of private cloud is
cloud hosted by a separate cloud service provider on-
premises or in a data center, but the server is not
shared with other organizations. The cloud service
provider is responsible for configuring the network
and maintaining the hardware for the private cloud,
as well as keeping the software updated. This
option provides the best of both worlds for
organizations that require the security and
availability of a private cloud but prefer not to
invest in an in-house data center.
  Managed private cloud: With this type of private
cloud, a cloud service provider not only hosts a
private cloud for an organization, but it also
manages and monitors the day-to-day operations
Types of of the private cloud.
private  The cloud service provider may also deploy and
update additional cloud-based services such as
cloud storage and identity management or security
audits. A managed private cloud server can save a
company considerable time and IT resources.
  Total system control, resulting in stronger
security: A private cloud offers total system control
and increased security through dedicated hardware
and physical infrastructure that’s used exclusively
Benefits of by the company that owns it. 
private  Greater performance: Because the hardware is
cloud dedicated and not used by any other organization,
workload performance for cloud services is never
affected by another company running resource-
intensive workloads on a shared server or by a
public cloud service outage.
  Long-term cost savings: While it can be expensive
to set up the infrastructure to support a private
cloud, it can pay off in the long term. If an
organization already has the hardware and network
required for hosting, a private cloud can be much
more cost-effective compared to paying monthly
Benefits of fees to use someone else’s servers on the public
cloud. 
private
 Scalability: If an organization outgrows its existing
cloud hardware resources, it can easily add more. If the
growth is temporary or seasonal, an organization
can move to a hybrid cloud solution, incurring
minimal usage fees by using the public cloud only
when necessary. 
  Predictable costs: In addition, the costs of using a
public cloud can be very unpredictable—with a
private cloud, costs are the same each month,
regardless of the workloads an organization is
running.
Benefits of  Better customization: Because companies have
complete control over a private cloud, it is much
private easier to reallocate resources and tailor the cloud to
cloud perform specifically according to requirements that
the company defines. IT managers have access to
every level of settings in their private cloud
environment—they are not limited by policies set
by public cloud service providers.
  Private cloud is generally more secure than public
cloud, with one important caveat: A business must
proactively ensure that security is strong and up to
date in order to reap the benefits of private cloud.
(Most public cloud providers have the scale and
Is private resources to provide robust security, so businesses
that have doubts about their ability to manage
cloud more their own security may be better served by public
cloud solutions.)
secure than
 As long as a business isn’t complacent, though, the
public private cloud offers many advantages for security.
cloud? Since private clouds are limited to specific physical
machines, it’s easier to ensure physical security.
They sit behind a perimeter firewall and are
accessed through private, secure network links
(rather than through the public Internet). And the
degree of control a business has over its private
cloud also makes it easier to achieve regulatory
compliance
  Hybrid cloud is a cloud computing environment
that uses a mix of on-premises, private cloud and
third-party, public cloud services with orchestration
between the two platforms.
Hybrid Cloud  By allowing workloads to move between private
and public clouds as computing needs and costs
change, hybrid cloud gives businesses greater
flexibility and more data deployment options.
  Establishing a hybrid cloud requires the availability
of:
 A public infrastructure as a service (IaaS) platform,
such as Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure or
Google Cloud Platform.
 The construction of a private cloud, either on
premises or through a hosted private cloud
Hybrid Cloud provider.
Architecture  And adequate wide area network
(WAN) connectivity between those two
environments.
 Typically, an enterprise will choose a public cloud to
access compute instances, storage resources or
other services, such as big data analytics clusters.
  An enterprise has no direct control over the
architecture of a public cloud, so, for a hybrid cloud
deployment, it must architect its private cloud to
achieve compatibility with the desired public cloud or
clouds. This involves the implementation of suitable
hardware within the data center, including servers,
storage, a local area network (LAN) and load
balancers.
 An enterprise must then deploy a virtualization layer,
Hybrid Cloud or a hypervisor, to create and support virtual
Architecture machines (VMs) and, in some cases, containers. Then,
IT teams must install a private cloud software layer,
such as OpenStack, on top of the hypervisor to deliver
cloud capabilities, such as self-service, automation
and orchestration, reliability and resilience, and
billing and chargeback. A private cloud architect will
typically create a menu of local services, such as
compute instances or database instances, from which
users can choose.
  The key to create a successful hybrid cloud is to select
hypervisor and cloud software layers that are
compatible with the desired public cloud, ensuring
proper interoperability with that public cloud's
application programming interfaces (APIs) and
Hybrid Cloud services.
Architecture  The implementation of compatible software and
services also enables instances to migrate seamlessly
between private and public clouds. A developer can
also create advanced applications using a mix of
services and resources across the public and private
platforms.
  Hybrid cloud computing enables an enterprise to
deploy an on-premises private cloud to host
sensitive or critical workloads, and use a third-party
public cloud provider to host less-critical resources,
such as test and development workloads.
Hybrid cloud  Hybrid cloud is also particularly valuable for
benefits and dynamic or highly changeable workloads. For
example, a transactional order entry system that
use cases experiences significant demand spikes around the
holiday season is a good hybrid cloud candidate.
The application could run in private cloud, but
use cloud bursting to access additional computing
resources from a public cloud when computing
demands spike.
  Another hybrid cloud use case is big
data processing. A company, for example, could
use hybrid cloud storage to retain its accumulated
business, sales, test and other data, and then run
analytical queries in the public cloud, which can
Hybrid cloud scale a Hadoop or other analytics cluster to support
demanding distributed computing tasks.
benefits and
 Hybrid cloud also enables an enterprise to use
use cases broader mix of IT services. For example, a business
might run a mission-critical workload within a
private cloud, but use the database or archival
services of a public cloud provider.
  Despite its benefits, hybrid cloud computing can
present technical, business and management
challenges. Private cloud workloads must access
and interact with public cloud providers, so, as
mentioned above, hybrid cloud
requires API compatibility and solid network
connectivity.
Hybrid cloud  For the public cloud piece of a hybrid cloud, there
are potential connectivity issues, service-level
challenges agreements (SLAs) breaches and other possible
service disruptions. To mitigate these risks,
organizations can architect hybrid cloud workloads
that interoperate with multiple public cloud
providers. However, this can complicate workload
design and testing. In some cases, an enterprise
needs to redesign workloads slated for hybrid cloud
to address specific public cloud providers' APIs.
  Another challenge with hybrid cloud computing is
the construction and maintenance of the private
cloud itself, which requires substantial expertise
from local IT staff and cloud architects.
Hybrid cloud  The implementation of additional software, such as
challenges databases, helpdesk systems and other tools can
further complicate a private cloud. What's more,
the enterprise is fully responsible for the technical
support of a private cloud, and must accommodate
any changes to public cloud APIs and service
changes over time.
  Deployment models available in cloud are private
clouds, public clouds and hybrid clouds. Firstly,
Factors to companies must develop a blueprint which is
developed by exploring answers for the following
consider in questions,
Implementi  What is the current state of business and how well
ng Cloud it operates today?
Computing  Where are the efficiencies, gaps, risks, and
opportunities for change?
Services in  What is the plan to manage change and achieve the
Business intended ROI?
  The public cloud provides a cost-effective service to
business services. Public service model helps
businesses to understand the missing components
in existing IT portfolio such as outdated
Criteria for applications, issues in extra processing, storage and
capacity when needed.
Public  The major reasons for adopting a public cloud
Clouds model for business are cost, speed and
specialization. The public cloud offers pay-as-you-
go pricing model which gives substantial savings
compared to capital expenditure (CapEx) and
operational expenditure (OpEx).
  A private cloud is deployed mostly by very large
enterprises and works on the notion of self-service
on premise infrastructure managed and maintained
by in-house IT. The private cloud can fulfill both the
perspectives of business goals and the expanding IT
Criteria for workloads due to increased business activity.
Private  A private cloud is designed to deliver better service
Clouds results, improve agility and efficiency and improve
collaboration between the various departments
within the organization. A private cloud is designed
to solve many of the IT and management problems
and offers service availability and centralization of
data and applications.
  Hybrid clouds are a mix of private and public
clouds. Hybrid clouds are often viewed by
enterprises as an ideal solution to fulfill compliance,
avoid vendor lock-ins and to overcome data
security and privacy issues. Hybrid clouds are also
seen as a strategic option when the private cloud
environment cannot always provide the resources
Criteria for required by an application with unpredictable
Hybrid growth patterns.
 As the application grows the available resources in
Clouds a private cloud may not be able to support the
growing user base. In such cases a hybrid cloud is
considered by the organization to own some
portion of the infrastructure and the public cloud is
used for the remaining resources. In order for a
hybrid cloud to be effective, the company must
define policies for security loopholes.
  A few architectural principles to consider when
implementing cloud for the business will include
aspects such as
 Service Orientation
 Service Foundations for workload profitability
between private and public models
Selecting a  Service Standards are maintained to ensure
Cloud business operations without disruptions
Deployment  Ensure Ecosystem alignment to mitigate issues in
Model service or resource availability
 Despite the advantages and benefits offered by the
cloud models one should make a decision on the
right model after carefully weighing the pros and
cons and examine service level agreements (SLA)
carefully before adoption.
  Cloud migration is the process of moving digital
business operations into the cloud. Cloud migration
is sort of like a physical move, except it involves
moving data, applications, and IT processes from
some data centers to other data centers, instead of
packing up and moving physical goods. Much like a
move from a smaller office to a larger one, cloud
Cloud migration requires quite a lot of preparation and
advance work, but usually it ends up being worth
Migration the effort, resulting in cost savings and greater
flexibility.
 Most often, "cloud migration" describes the move
from on-premises or legacy infrastructure to the
cloud. However, the term can also apply to a
migration from one cloud to another cloud.
  In computing, hardware or software is considered
"legacy" if it is outdated but still in use. Legacy
products and processes are usually not as efficient
or secure as more up-to-date solutions. Businesses
stuck running legacy systems are in danger of
What is falling behind their competitors; they also face an
increased risk of data breaches.
legacy
 Legacy software or hardware may become
infrastructur unreliable, may run slowly, or may no longer be
e? supported by the original vendor. Windows XP, for
instance, is a legacy operating system: released in
2001, its capabilities have been exceeded by later
releases of Windows, and Microsoft no longer
supports the operating system by releasing patches
or updates for it.
  Infrastructure includes servers, networking
equipment, applications, databases, and any other
business-critical software or hardware. Legacy
infrastructure, such as aging servers or physical
firewall appliances, may slow down a company's
business processes. It may also add more security
risks as original vendors drop support for their
What is products and stop releasing security patches.

legacy  Legacy infrastructure is typically hosted on-

premises, meaning it is physically located in
infrastructur buildings or on property where the organization
e? operates. For instance, many businesses host an
on-premises data center in the same building
where their employees work.
 Companies that rely on on-premises legacy
infrastructure are unable to experience the benefits
of cloud computing. Because of this, most
enterprises today have made at least a partial
migration to the cloud.
  Scalability: Cloud computing can scale up to
support larger workloads and greater numbers of
users far more easily than on-premises
infrastructure, which requires companies to
purchase and set up additional physical servers,
Benefits of networking equipment, or software licenses.

migrating to  Cost: Companies that move to the cloud often

vastly reduce the amount they spend on IT
the cloud operations, since the cloud providers handle
maintenance and upgrades. Instead of keeping
things up and running, companies can focus more
resources on their biggest business needs –
developing new products or improving existing
ones.
  Performance: For some businesses, moving to the
cloud can enable them to
improve performance and the overall user
experience for their customers. If their application
or website is hosted in cloud data centers instead of
in various on-premises servers, then data will not
Benefits of have to travel as far to reach the users,
reducing latency.
migrating to
 Flexibility: Users, whether they're employees or
the cloud customers, can access the cloud services and data
they need from anywhere. This makes it easier for a
business to expand into new territories, offer their
services to international audiences, and let their
employees work flexibly.
  Migrating large databases: Often, databases will
need to move to a different platform altogether in
Main order to function in the cloud. Moving a database is
difficult, especially if there are large amounts of
challenges of data involved. Some cloud providers actually offer
physical data transfer methods, such as loading
migrating to data onto a hardware appliance and then shipping
the cloud the appliance to the cloud provider, for massive
databases that would take too long to transfer via
the Internet. Data can also be transferred over the
Internet. Regardless of the method, data migration
often takes significant time.
  Data integrity: After data is transferred, the next
step is making sure data is intact and secure, and is
not leaked during the process.
Main
 Continued operation: A business needs to ensure
challenges of that its current systems remain operational and
migrating to available throughout the migration. They will need
to have some overlap between on-premises and
the cloud cloud to ensure continuous service; for instance, it's
necessary to make a copy of all data in the cloud
before shutting down an existing database.
Businesses typically need to move a little bit at a
time instead of all at once.
  Every business has different needs and will
therefore follow a slightly different process for
cloud migrations. Cloud providers can help
businesses set up their migration process. Most
cloud migrations will include these basic steps:
How does an  Establish goals: What performance gains does a
business hope to see? On what date will legacy
on-premises- infrastructure be deprecated? Establishing goals to
to-cloud measure against helps a business determine if the
migration was successful or not.
migration
 Create a security strategy: Cloud cybersecurity
work? requires a different approach compared to on-
premises security. In the cloud, corporate assets are
no longer behind a firewall, and the network
perimeter essentially does not exist. Deploying
a cloud firewall or a web application firewall may be
necessary.
  Copy over data: Select a cloud provider, and
replicate existing databases. This should be done
How does an continually throughout the migration process so
that the cloud database remains up-to-date.
on-premises-  Move business intelligence: This could involve
to-cloud refactoring or rewriting code (see below). It can be
done piecemeal or all at once.
migration
 Switch production from on-premises to cloud:
work? The cloud goes live. The migration is complete.
  Gartner, a highly influential information technology
research company, describes 5 options for
organizations migrating to the cloud. These cloud
migration strategies are commonly known as the "5
What cloud R's":
migration  Rehost - Rehosting can be thought of as "the same
strategy thing, but on cloud servers". Companies that
choose this strategy will select an IaaS
should (Infrastructure-as-a-Service) provider and recreate
enterprises their application architecture on that infrastructure.
 Refactor - Companies that choose to refactor will
adopt? reuse already existing code and frameworks, but
run their applications on a PaaS (Platform-as-a-
Service) provider's platform – instead of on IaaS, as
in rehosting.
  Revise - This strategy involves partially rewriting or
expanding the code base, then deploying it by
either rehosting or refactoring (see above).
What cloud  Rebuild - To "rebuild" means rewriting and re-
architecting the application from the ground up on
migration a PaaS provider's platform. This can be a labor
strategy intensive process, but it also enables developers to
take advantage of modern features from PaaS
should vendors.
enterprises  Replace - Businesses can also opt to discard their
adopt? old applications altogether and switch to already-
built SaaS (Software-as-a-Service) applications
from third-party vendors.