THREE STATES OF

MATTER
1st Year
 S. SOLID LIQUID GAS
No

1. Solids have definite shape and Liquids have no definite shape but Gases have neither definite shape
volume. volume. nor definite volume.

2. They have strong intermolecular They have intermolecular forces less than They have negligible intermolecular
forces. solids but greater than gases. forces.

3. In solids, particles are restricted to In liquids, particles are allowed to move In gases, particles are allowed to
vibrate from their mean position. over one another in the form of layers. move in every direction.

4. They have negligible They have intermolecular distance They have intermolecular forces
intermolecular forces. greater than solid but less than gas. greater than solids and liquids.

5. They have density greater than They have density less than solid but They have density less than solid
solids and liquids. greater than gas. and liquid.
KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY:
“Theory which explains the behavior of gas in terms of molecular motion is called ‘Kinetic
Molecular Theory’.”

THE BASIC ASSUMPTIONS OF THE KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY:

1. Molecules:
Molecules may be of two types:-

(i) Mono-atomic Molecules:-

They consist of single atom e.g., He, Ar, Ne etc.
(ii) Poly-atomic molecules:-
They consist of more than one atom e.g., H2, CO2, CH4 etc.
2. Arrangement:
In gases molecules are not arranged in any manner. They are allowed to move randomly hence;
gases possess no definite shape.

3. Size of Molecules:
Molecules are of very small size as compared to the distance between them e.g., Diameter of
Hydrogen molecule is 2.4 x 10^-10 m.

4. Motion:
Gas molecules are in continuous random motion. They travel in straight line until they collide
with each other or with the walls of the container. Such motion is called ‘Brownian motion’.
(i)Free Path:
Distance travelled by gas molecule before collision with another molecule is called free path.
(ii) Mean Free Path:
Average distance travelled by gas molecules before collision with other molecules is called
mean free path.
5. Nature of Collision:
Collision of the gas molecules with each other and with the walls of container is perfectly
elastic.

6. Pressure of Gas:
Gas pressure is the result of the collision of gas molecules with the walls of the container and
is defined as:
“Force acting per unit area with the walls of
the container when the molecules of gas strike with it”
P= F/A
Its unit is N/m^2 or Pascal.

7. Temperature: Kinetic energy:-

Kinetic energy of the gas molecules is directly proportional to its absolute temperature.
K.E ∝ T
½ mv^2 ∝ T
8. Intermolecular forces:
There exist no force of attraction or repulsion between the molecules of gas.

9. Volume:
Individual volume of molecule of a gas is negligible as compared to the volume of its
container.
Behavior of gases:
1. Gases occupy all the available space:
Due to free intermolecular motion and absence of intermolecular forces, gases occupy all the
available space.
Diffusion:
Intermixing of gases to form homogeneous mixture is called “Diffusion”.

2. Gases diffuse more rapidly than liquid and solid:

It is due to following two reasons:-
i) Intermolecular motion of gases is freer than liquids and solids.
ii) Intermolecular distances in gas are greater than liquids and solids.
3. Compressibility:
Gases can be compressed by applying pressure. This compressibility is due to
large intermolecular distance in gases.

4. Expansion and contraction:

Gases expand on heating and contract on cooling.

5. Pressure:
P = F/A
 GAS LAWS
Boyle’s Law:
It is the relationship between the volume of a given mass of gas and its pressure of constant
temperature.
STATEMENT:
“At constant temperature, volume
of a given mass is inversely
proportional to its pressure”.
MATHEMATICALLY:
If V = volume of a given mass of gas
P = pressure of gas
Then at constant temperature:
V ∝ 1/P
V = constant ∝ 1/P
=> PV = constant
Boyle’s law can be re-stated as:
“At constant temperature, product of
volume of a given mass of gas and
its pressure is always constant”.
Let: P1 = Initial Pressure
V1 = Initial Volume
Then
P1V1 = K
Here K is proportionality constant.
Let: P2 = Final Pressure
V2 = Final Volume
Then
P2V2 = K
Here K is proportionality constant.
=> P1V1 = P2V2
Similarly:
P1V1 = P2V2 = P3V3….= PnVn
• Graphical representation:

• Boyle’s Experiment:
 Boyle’s Law
1. What does 400cm^3 sample of a gas at 100 torr when the pressure is
changed to 2 atm?
2. 1300 ml of Oxygen gas exert 790 torr pressure. At constant temperature its
volume changes to 2.5 liter. Find its new pressure.
3. 11.6 liter sample of gas exert 1.6 atm pressure. At constant temperature its
pressure changes to 610 torr, find the change in volume.
Charles’ Law
It is the relationship between the volume of a given mass of gas and absolute
temperature at constant pressure.
STATEMENT:
“At constant pressure, volume of a given mass of a gas is directly proportional to
its absolute temperature”.
MATHEMATICAL EXPLANATION:
Let V = Volume of a given mass of gas
T = absolute temperature
Then, according to Charles’ Law
V ∝ T (at constant pressure)
V = constant ∝ T
Þ V/T = constant -----> (i)
From eq. (i) Charles’ Law can be restated as follows:
“At constant pressure, the ratio between the volume of given mass of gas and its absolute temperature is
always constant”.
If: V1 = Initial Volume
T1 = Initial Temperature
Then:
V1/T1 = K -----> (ii)
K = Proportionality Constant.

And V2 = Final Volume

T2 = Final Temperature
V2/T2 = K ------> (iii)
K = Proportionality Constant.
From eg. (ii) & (iii) we get:
V1/T1 = V2/T2
Similarly:
V1/T1 = V2/T2 = V3/T3 = …… Vn/Tn
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION:

Graph of volume of a given mass of a gas and temperature in ˚C is straight line

starting from some point on y-axis. If we extra plot the line towards negative x-
axis. It intercepts the negative x-axis at -273.16 ˚C. This temperature is called
absolute zero/ absolute temperature.
 CHARLES’ GUY LUSSAC
STATEMENT:
“At constant pressure, volume of a given gas increases or decreases 1/273th
time its volume at 0˚C with every degree or decrease of temperature”.
PROBLEMS:
1. A child’s balloon has a volume of 3.80 dm^3 when the temperature if 35˚C.
What is the volume, if the balloon is put into a refrigerator and cooled to 5˚C.
assure that pressure inside the balloon is equal to atmospheric pressure all
the times.
2. 1500 ml of Nitrogen gas at 30˚C is heated at constant pressure. Its volume
becomes 4.1 liter. Find the final temperature.
3. 6.5 dm^3 of CO2 at 45˚C is heated at constant pressure. Its volume becomes
11500 ml. Find the final temperature in ˚C .
AVAGADRO’S LAW:
This law give a relation between the volume of gas and its no. of moles at
constant temperature and pressure.
STATEMENT:
“At constant pressure and temperature, volume of a gas is directly proportional
to its number of moles”.
MATHEMATICAL EXPLANATION:
Let: V = volume of gas
n = number of moles
Then,
V ∝ n (at constant temp & pressure)
ÞV = constant n
V/n = constant -----> (i)
From eq. (i) we can restate Avogadro's law as:
“At constant temperature and pressure, ratio od volume of gas and its number of
moles is constant”.
If: V1 = Initial Volume
n1 = Initial no. of moles
V2 = Final Volume
n2 = Final no. of moles
Then:
V1/n1 = V2/n2
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION:
Graph of volume of gas and its number of moles is straight line.

n
Under the similar conditions of temperature and pressure, equal number of moles of all
gases occupies same volume.
OR
Under the similar conditions of temperature and pressure, equal volume of all gases
contain same number of moles.
S.T.P = Standard temperature Pressure
Standard temperature = 0˚C or 273K
Standard pressure = 1 atm or 760 torr
Molar volume:
"Volume of 1 mole of gas at S.T.P is called molar volume.“
This volume is constant for all gases and its value is 22.414 dm^3.
GENERAL GAS EQUATION
Equation of state obtained by combining Boyle's law, Charles' Law and Avogadro's
Law is called general gas equation.
DERIVATION:
According to Boyle's law:
V ∝ 1/P (i) (at constant n & i)
According to Charles' law:
V ∝ T (ii) (at constant n & P)
According to Avogadro's law
V ∝ n (iii) (at constant P & P)
On combining (i) and (ii) and (iii):-
Þ V ∝ 1/P x T x n
Þ V ∝ nT
V = (constant) nT/P
PV = RnT
PV = nRT ------> (iv)
Equation (iv) is called General Gas Equation. R is proportionality constant and also known as
“Universal Gas Constant”.
E.g. (iv) R = PV/nt
For initial conditions:
P1V1/n1T1 = R1
For final conditions:
P2V2/n2T2 = R2
Þ P1V1/n1T1 = P2V2/n2T2
If n1 = n2:
=> P1V1/T1 = P2V2/T2
 Value of R
In atm dm^3 system
P = 1 atm
V = 22.414 dm^3
N = 1 mol
T = 273K
Using:
R = PV/nT
R = 1atm x 22.414dm^3/ 1mol x 273K
R = 0.0821 atm dm^3 mol^-1 K^-1
In S.I System:
n = 1 mol
T = 273 K
P = 101325 N/m^2
V = 0.022414 m^3
Using:
R = PV/nT
R = 101325 Nm^-2 x 0.022414 m^3/ 1 mol x 273 K
R = 8.31 Nm^-2 m^3 mol^-1 K^-1
R = 8.31 Nm mol^-1 K^-1
R = 8.31 J mol^-1 K^-1
Problems:
1. Calculate the volume that will be occupied by o.8 mol of oxygen gas taken at
30˚ C and at 800 torr of Hg Pressure?
2. What will be the volume occupied by 14gm of nitrogen at 20˚C and 740 torr
pressure.
3. At certain mass of N2 gas at 20˚C and at 740 torr pressure occupies 12.345
dm^3. Calculate the volume that it will occupy at S.T.P.
4. Calculate the volume of 8gm CH4 gas at 70˚C and 1060 torr pressure.
 APPLICATION OF GENERAL GAS EQUATION
(i) Determination of molecular mass of unknow gas:
From general gas equation:-
PV = nRT ----(i)
Here:
n = no. of moles
n = mass in grams/ molar mass
n = m/ M
Put in eq. (i):
PV = mRT/ M
M = mRT/ PV
Problem:
1. 7.40 dm^3 volume of a gas measured at a temperature of 27˚C and a pressure
of 900 torr was found to have mass 2.273g. Calculate the molecular mass of the
gas.
(ii) To determine the density of the gas:-
From general gas equation:
PV = nRT ------> (i)
Here: n = no. of moles
= mass in grams/ molecular mass
= m/ M
Put in eq. (i)
ÞPV = mRT/ M
ÞPM = mRT/ V
….. D = m/ V
ÞPM = DRT
ÞD = PM/ RT
Problems:
1. What is the density of Methane gas (CH4) at 127˚C and 3.5 atm.
2. Calculate the density of NO2 gas at 50˚C and 2100 torr.
3. 13.6 gm sample of an unknown gas occupies 8.6 dm^3 at 30˚C and 810 torr
pressure. Calculate its molecular mass.
GRAHAM’S LAW OF DIFFUSION:-
STATEMENT:
“At constant temperature and pressure, rate of diffusion of gas is inversely
proportional to the square root of its density”.
MATHEMATICALLY:
If r = rate of diffusion
d = density of gas
Then:
r ∝ 1/√d
=> r = K/ √d --- (i)
Here K = Proportionality constant
COMPARISON OF RATE OF DIFFUSION OF TWO GASES:
Let r1 = rate of diffusion of gas #1
d1 = density of gas #1
Then:
r1 ∝ 1/√d1
Þ r1 = K/√d1------(1)
K is the constant of proportionality.
And let Let r2 = rate of diffusion of gas #2
d2 = density of gas #2
Then:
r2 ∝ 1/√d2
Þ r2 = K/√d2 -------(2)
K = proportionality constant.
Comparing 1 and 2:
r1/ r2 = K/ √d1 ÷ K/ √d2
Þr1/ r2 = K/ √d1 x √d2/ K
Þr1/ r2 = √d2/ √d1
… d = PM/ RT
Þd1 = P1M1/ R1T1
Þd2 = P2M2/ R2T2
Now eq. 3 becomes:
r1/ r2 = √PM2/ RT PM1/ RT
=> r1/ r2 = √M2/ M1------ (4)
Problems:
1. Compare the rates of Helium and Sulphur dioxide.
2. Compare the rate of diffusion of the following:
(i) H2 and D2.
(ii) CH4 and He.
(iii) SF6 and SO2.
3. The ratio of the rates of diffusion of two gases A & B is 1.5 : 1. if the relative
molecular mass of gas A is 16, find the relative molecular mass of B.
RATE OF DIFFUSION:-
DERIVATION:
r = v/t (volume)
r1 = V/t1 ----(1)
OR
r2 = V/t2 ----(2)
r1/r2 = V/t1 ÷ V/t2
r1/r2 = V/t1 x t2/V
r1/r2 = t2 x t1
… r1/ r2 = √M2/ M1
=> t2 x t1 = √M2/ M1
t1 x t2 = √M1/ M2
EFFUSION:
“Escape from gas molecules from the tiny holes of their container”.
Size of the hole must be compatible with the size of the molecules.
Problems:
1. Helium gas takes 5 s to effuse from a hole of 10dm^3 container, how long would it take
for 10dm^3 of O2 to effuse from the same container, at same temperature and
pressure.
2. Neon gas takes 30 s to effuse from the hole of 5dm^3 container. Calculate the time
taken by Methane to effuse from the same container of same temperature and
pressure. [ Ne = 20, C = 12, H = 1 ]
3. CO2 takes 3650 s to effuse from the container OF 12dm^3. An unknown gas takes 30
sec to effuse from the same container at similar conditions. Calculate the molecular
mass of the unknown gas.
4. Ammonia gas NH3 takes 96 s to effuse from the container of 15dm^3. An unknown gas
takes 145s to effuse from the container of 10dm^3. Calculate the molecular mass of
unknown gas.
APPLICATON OF GRAHAM’S LAW:-
1. To determine the molecular mass of unknown gas.
2. To separate: one gas from other.
: one isotope from other.
3. To reduce the toxic effects of gases.
Partial Pressure:
“Pressure of a gas in a mixture of inert gases”.
OR
“In a mixture of inert gases, each gas exert the same pressure as it would exert if
its kept alone in a same container. This pressure is called its partial pressure”.
DALTON’S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURE
Statement:-
“Total pressure of the mixture of inert gases is equal to the sum of partial pressure
of all the gases present in the mixture”.
Mathematically:-
P(T) = P1 + P2 + P3
Here:
P(T) = Total pressure
P1 = Pressure of a gas number one
P2 = Pressure of a gas number two
P3 = Pressure of a gas number three
…..Pn = Pressure of a gas number n
 VARIFICATION OF DALTON’S LAW IN TERMS OF KINETIC MOLECULAR
THEORY
Consider a mixture of inert gases. From general gas equation pressure of any gas
can be given as:
PV = nRT
ÞP = nRT / V------(1)
So total pressure ‘P(T)’ can be written as:
ÞP(T) = n(T)R(T)/ V-----(2)
Here n(T) = Total number of moles from eq. (!) partial pressure of each gas can be
given as:
P1 = Partial pressure of gas number one = n1RT/ V-----(3)
P2 = Partial pressure of gas number two = n2RT/ V-----(4)
P3 = Partial pressure of gas number three = n3RT/ V-----(5)
Add eq. (3), (4) & (5)
P1 + P2 + P3 = n1RT/ V + n2RT/ V + n3RT/ V
P1 + P2 + P3 = (n1 + n2 + n3) RT/V
…. n1 + n2 + n3 = n(T)
P1 + P2 + P3 = n(T)RT / V
From eq. (1)
=> n(T)RT/ V = P(T)
ÞP1 + P2 + P3
HENCE VARIFIED.
PROBLEM:
1. A 12.5dm^3 vessel contains 4.0g CH4, 1.8gm N2 and 10.0gm Xe. What is the
pressure in the vessel at 0˚C. [N = 14, Xe = 131, C = 12, H = 1]
Applications of Dalton’s law
1. To determine the partial pressure of inert gas in the mixture:-
Consider ‘n’ number of inert gases. Total pressure of mixture is given as:
P(T) = n(T)RT/ V ----1 ;. PV = n1RT
Partial pressure of any gas ‘A’ in the mixture is given as:
P(A) = n(A)RT/ V----2
Divide eq. 1 & 2:
P(A)/ P(T) = n(A)RT/V / n(T)RT/V
P(A)/ P(T) = n(A)RT/V
n(T)RT/V
P(A)/ P(T) = n(A)/ n(T)
ÞP(A) = n(A)/ n(T) x P(T)
Þ;. N(A)/ n(T) = mole fraction of gas A.
ÞXA
ÞP(A) = X(A)P(T)
PROBLEMS:
1. A mixture of gases at 760 torr contains 2 moles of nitrogen and 4 moles of
carbon dioxide. What is the partial pressure of each gas in torr.
2. A mixture contain 7.5gm NH3, 4.6gm CH4 and 16.6gm NO2. If total pressure is
1100 torr, then calculate the partial pressure of each gas in torr.
PRESSURE OF A GAS COLLECTED OVER WATER
Dalton’s law is also applicable to the mixture of water vapors and any gas . If any
gas is collected over water then according to Dalton’s law its pressure can be given
as:
P(moist) = P(drygas) + V1P(N2O)
P(drygas) = P(moist) + V1P(N2O)
PROBLEMS:
1. 4O dm^3 of Hydrogen gas was collected over water at 831 torr of Hg, pressure:
at 23˚C. What would be the volume of dry H2 gas at standard conditions. The vapor
pressure of water at 23˚C is 21 torr of Hg.
2. In the preparation of Oxygen in the laboratory, 500 cm^3 of the moist gas was
collected over water at 25˚C and 725 torr. What volume of dry oxygen at S.T.P was
produced? (pressure of water vapors at 25˚C = 24 torr)
S.No. IDEAL GASES NON-IDEAL GASES
1. Gases which obey all gas laws and Gases which does not obey all gas laws and
Kinetic Molecular Theory at all Kinetic Molecular Theory at all conditions of
conditions of temperature and pressure temperature and pressure are called non-ideal
are called ideal gases. gases.

2. No such gas exist in our universe. All gases which exist are non-ideal gases and are
also called real gases.
3. At high temperature and low pressure, At low temperature and high pressure, real
real gases show ideal behavior. gases deviate from ideal behavior.

4. There exist no inter-molecular force of There exist weak intermolecular force of

attraction in ideal gases. attraction in non-ideal gases.

5. Individual volume of ideal gas molecules Individual volume of non-ideal molecules is very
is negligible as compare to the volume small but not negligible as compared to the
of its container. volume of its container.
 LIQUID STATE
DEFINITION:
"State of matter with indefinite shape but definite volume".
BEHAVIOR OF LIQUIDS:-
DIFFUSIBILITY:
Liquids diffuse faster than solids but slower than gases.In liquids, molecular motion
is less free than gases and more than solids. Also, intermolecular distance in liquids
is less than gas and more than solids. Therefore, liquids show more diffusion than
solids and less than gases.
COMPRESSIBILITY:
Due to presence of very intermolecular distance, compressibility in liquids iss
negligible.
EVAPORATION:
Escape of high energy molecules from the surface is of the liquid at all temperatures
except boiling point.
 VISCOSITY
Ability to flow is called fluidity and its reciprocal is called viscosity and is defined
as:-"Internal resistance in the flow of liquid".
OR
"Relative tendency by virtue of which it exerts a dragging force to stop the relative
motion of its molecules on each other".
UNIT:
S.I unit of viscosity is poise.
FACTORS ON WHICH VISCOSITY DEPENDS:-
SHAPE OF THE MOLECULE:
Liquid with spherical or simple molecules are less viscous than liquid with
complicated and elongated shape molecules.
SIZE OF THE MOLECULES:
Liquid with molecules of large size are more viscous than liquids with
molecules of small size.
INTERMOLECULAR FORCE:
Viscosity is directly related with intermolecular force. If intermolecular force is
strong, liquid show high value of viscosity and if intermolecular force is weak,
viscosity of liquid will be low.
FOR EXAMPLE:
Ethyl alcohol is more viscous than ether because of hydrogen bonding in alcohol.
TEMPERATURE:
Viscosity decreases with increase in temperature. This decrease is roughly 2% per
degree rise in temperature. It is due to increase in kinetic energy and velocity of
molecules with increase of temperature which decrease their viscosity. Viscosity is
measured by an instrument called ‘Ostwald’s viscometer’.
 SURFACE TENSION
DEFINITION:
"Force in dynes acting per cm length of the surface of the liquid is called surface
tension".
OR
"Works in ergs done per cm^2 area of the surface of the liquid is called surface
tension".
UNIT OF SURFACE TENSION ARE:
In C.G.S: Dyne 1cm ergs/ cm^2
In S.I: N/m J/m^2
FACTORS ON WHICH SURFACE TENSION DEPENDS:-
INTERMOLECULAR FORCE:
Surface tension of liquid depends upon the intermolecular forces of liquid. If liquid
possess strong intermolecular force, its surface tension will be high and vice - versa.
NATURE OF LIQUID:
Liquid with dipole – dipole interaction show exceptionally high surface tension.
E.g.: surface tension of water is high due to the presence of hydrogen bonding.
TEMPERATURE:
Surface tension also decreases due to the increase in temperature. When temperature
is increased, kinetic energy as well as velocity of molecules increases that decreases
the effect of intermolecular force and hence surface tension decreases.
HONEY IS MORE VISCOUS THAN WATER:
Due to complicated and irregular shape and large size of molecules as compare to
water, hence honey is more viscous than water.
 ADHESIVE FORCES COHESIVE FORCES
Force of attraction between different Force of attraction between same types
types of molecules i.e. between liquid of molecules i.e. between liquid and
molecule and molecule of its container. liquid molecules.

FALLING DROP OF A LIQUID IS ALWAYS SPHERICAL:

Due to surface tension, liquid act as a membrane which try to occupy minimum
surface area. As sphere passes least ratio of its surface area to volume, therefore,
falling drop of liquid is always spherical.
CASE #1 CASE#2
ADHESIVE FORCES > COHESIVE ADHESIVE FORCES < COHESIVE
FORCES FORCES

1. Liquid will wet the surface. Liquid will not wet the surface.

2. Liquid from concave meniscus(downward). Liquid from concave meniscus (upward).

3. Liquid will rise in the capillary tube (capillary Liquid will fall in the capillary tube (capillary
action). action).
CAPILLARY ACTION:
“Rise or fall of liquid in a small bore capillary tube is called capillary action”.
EXAMPLE:
1. Distribution of water from roots to every part of the plant.
2. Spreading of ink on filter paper.
VAPOR PRESSURE
“Pressure exerted by vapors when they are in equilibrium with their liquid phase”.
LIQUID VAPOR EQUILIBRIUM:
“State at which rate of evaporation becomes equal to rate of condensation is called
liquid vapor equilibrium”.
FACTORS ON WHICH VAPOR PRESSURE DEPENDS:-
NATURE OF LIQUID:
Vapor pressure depends upon the nature of liquid whether it is volatile or not.
VOLATILE LIQUIDS:
Volatile liquids are those which have comparatively less intermolecular force and
evaporates quickly and hence exerts more vapor pressure.
NON – VOLATILE LIQUIDS:
Non - volatile liquids are those which have comparatively high intermolecular force and
evaporates slowly and hence exerts low vapor pressure.
TEMPERATURE:
Vapor pressure also depends upon temperature. Vapor pressure increases with the
increase in temperature and decreases with the decrease in temperature.
BOILING POINT:
Temperature at which vapor pressure of the liquid becomes equal to the atmospheric
pressure is called boiling point.
NORMAL BOILING POINT:
Temperature at which vapor pressure of the liquid becomes equal to one atmospheric
pressure i.e.: 760 torr or 1 atm pressure is called boiling point.
Cooking is different at high altitude:- (Give scientific reason) as
compared to planer areas:
Cooking is difficult at high altitude because of the boiling point of water at high
altitude. Water boils before the food is cooked that is why it becomes difficult to
cook properly.
VACUUM DISTILLATION:
Some liquids decompose at their boiling point. In order to distill these liquids
vacuum distillation is used. In this method liquid is heated at low pressure to reduce
its boiling point so it can be distilled without risk of decomposition.
Evaporation causes cooling (scientific reason)
Due to evaporation, high energy molecules of liquid escape from its surface leaving
behind low energy molecules due to which average kinetic energy and temperature
falls and cooling is observed.
 SOLID
“State of matter with definite shape and volume is called solid state”.
BEHAVIOR OF SOLIDS:-
DIFFUSIBILITY:
Due to restrict vibratory motion and negligible intermolecular distance, diffusibility
in solid is negligible.
COMPRESSIBILITY:
Due to negligible intermolecular distance, solid cannot be compressed when
pressure is applied.
DEFORMITY:
Change of shape of solid when a pressure is applied on it is called deformity.
EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION:
Solids expand on heating and contract on cooling.
SUBLIMATION:
Some solids when heated are directly converted into gaseous state without
converting into liquid. Such solids are called subline and the process is called
sublimation.
Example: Ammonium chloride, Naphthalene, Camphor.
CLASSIFICATION OF SOLIDS:-
ON THE BASES OF ARRANGEMENT OF PARTICALES:

1. GEOMETRY
CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS AMORPHOUS SOLIDS
In these, solid particles (atom, ion or molecules) are In these, solid particles (atoms, ions or molecules)
arranged in three-dimensional repetitive geometrical are not arranged in three – dimensional repetitive
shape. Sugar, alum, metals, diamonds. geometrical shape.

2. MELTING POINT
Melting point of crystalline solids are sudden and Melting point of amorphous solids are not sudden
sharp i.e.: they melt completely at fixed temperature and sharp i.e.: they melt over a wide range of
which is their melting point. temperatures.

3. ISOTROPE AND ANISOTROPE

Crystalline solids are anisotropic i.e.: they show Amorphous solids are isotropic i.e.: they show same
different value of some of their physical properties values of the physical properties in all directions.
(e.g., refractive index, electrical and thermal
conductivity, etc.) in different directions.
 4. CLEAVAGE AND CLEAVAGE PLANES
Breaking of big crystals into small crystals of No cleavage occurs in amorphous solids and no
some shape is cleavage. Plane which contain the cleavage plane is present in them.
direction of cleavage is called cleavage planes.
5. SYMMETRY
Crystalline solids are symmetrical i.e.: the give Amorphous solids are asymmetrical.
some appearance when they are rotated about an
axis.
TYPES OF SOLIDS OR CRYSTALS (on the basis of nature of particles)
1. Ionic solid or ionic crystal.
2. Metallic solid or metallic crystal.
3. Covalent solids or covalent crystals.
4. Molecular sold or molecular crystal.
5. Atomic solid or atomic crystal.