UNIT-5

CLOUD
COMPUTING
 • A widely adopted definition of cloud computing
comes from the U.S. National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST Special

Cloud
Publication 800-145):
• Cloud computing is a model for enabling
ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network

Computing access to a shared pool of configurable

computing resources (e.g., networks, servers,
storage, applications, and services) that can be
rapidly provision
 • Grid computing is a form of distributed
computing that enables the resources of
numerous heterogeneous computers in a network
to work together on a single task at the same
time.
• Utility computing is a service-provisioning model
in which a service provider makes computing
Cloud Enabling resources available to customers, as required, and
charges them based on usage..
Technologies • Virtualization is a technique that abstracts the
physical characteristics of IT resources from
resource users. It enables the resources to be
viewed and managed as a pool and lets users
create virtual resources from the pool.
• Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) provides a
set of services that can communicate with each
other. These services work together to perform
some activity or simply pass data among services
Characteristics of Cloud Computing

ON-DEMAND SELF- BROAD NETWORK RESOURCE POOLING: RAPID ELASTICITY: MEASURED SERVICE:
SERVICE: A CONSUMER ACCESS: CAPABILITIES THE PROVIDER’S CAPABILITIES CAN BE CLOUD SYSTEMS
CAN UNILATERALLY ARE AVAILABLE OVER THE COMPUTING RESOURCES ELASTICALLY AUTOMATICALLY
PROVISION COMPUTING NETWORK AND ACCESSED ARE POOLED TO SERVE PROVISIONED AND CONTROL AND OPTIMIZE
CAPABILITIES, SUCH AS THROUGH STANDARD MULTIPLE CONSUMERS RELEASED, IN SOME RESOURCE USE BY
SERVER TIME AND MECHANISMS THAT USING A MULTITENANT CASES AUTOMATICALLY, LEVERAGING A METERING
NETWORK STORAGE, AS PROMOTE USE BY MODEL, WITH DIFFERENT TO SCALE RAPIDLY CAPABILITY AT SOME
NEEDED, AUTOMATICALLY HETEROGENEOUS THIN OR PHYSICAL AND VIRTUAL OUTWARD AND INWARD LEVEL OF ABSTRACTION
WITHOUT REQUIRING THICK CLIENT PLATFORMS RESOURCES COMMENSURATE WITH APPROPRIATE TO THE
HUMAN INTERACTION (FOR EXAMPLE, MOBILE DYNAMICALLY ASSIGNED DEMAND. TYPE OF SERVICE
WITH EACH SERVICE PHONES, TABLETS, AND REASSIGNED
PROVIDER. LAPTOPS, AND ACCORDING TO
WORKSTATIONS). CONSUMER DEMAND.
 • Reduced IT cost: Cloud services can be
purchased based on pay-per-use or subscription
pricing. This reduces or eliminates the
consumer’s IT capital expenditure (CAPEX).
• Business agility: Cloud computing provides the

Benefits of capability to allocate and scale computing

capacity quickly. Cloud computing can reduce
the time required to provision and deploy new

Cloud applications and services from months to

minutes..
• Flexible scaling: Cloud computing enables

Computing consumers to scale up, scale down, scale out, or

scale in the demand for computing resources
easily. Consumers can unilaterally and
automatically scale computing resources without
any interaction with cloud service providers.
• High availability: Cloud computing has the
capability to ensure resource availability at
varying levels depending on the consumer’s
policy and priority.
 According to NIST, cloud service offerings are
classified primarily into three models:
Cloud Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS)

Service Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) and

Models Software-as-a-Service (SaaS).

 CLOUD
SERVICE
MODELS
 The capability provided to the consumer is to provision
processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental
computing resources where the consumer is able to deploy and
run arbitrary software, which can include operating systems
and applications.

IaaS
The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud
infrastructure but has control over operating systems and
deployed applications

Possibly limited control of select networking components (for

example, host firewalls).
 The capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the cloud infrastructure
consumer-created or acquired applications created using programming languages,
libraries, services, and tools supported by the provider.

The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure including
network, servers, operating systems, or storage, but has control over the deployed

PaaS
applications and possibly configuration settings for the application-hosting environment.

PaaS is also used as an application development environment, offered as a service by the

cloud service provider.

The consumer may use these platforms to code their applications and then deploy the
applications on the cloud. Because the workload to the deployed applications varies, the
scalability of computing resources is usually guaranteed by the computing platform,
transparently. Google App Engine and Microsoft Windows Azure Platform are examples
of PaaS.
 The capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider’s
applications running on a cloud infrastructure.

SaaS The applications are accessible from various client devices

through either a thin client interface, such as a web browser (for
example, web-based e-mail), or a program interface.

The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud

infrastructure including network, servers, operating systems,
storage, or even individual application capabilities, with the
possible exception of limited user-specific application
configuration settings.
Cloud • According to NIST, cloud computing is classified
into four deployment models —

Deployment
• Public
• Private

Models • Community, and

• Hybrid — which provide the basis for how cloud
infrastructures are constructed and consumed.
PUBLIC
CLOUD
PRIVATE
CLOUD
COMMUNITY
CLOUD
HYBRID
CLOUD
Cloud computing infrastructure

A cloud computing infrastructure is the collection of hardware and software that enables the five essential characteristics of
cloud computing. Cloud computing infrastructure usually consists of the following layers:
Applications and platform Cloud management and
Physical infrastructure Virtual infrastructure
software service creation tools

The resources of these layers are aggregated and coordinated to provide cloud services to the consumers
Cloud Infrastructure Mechanism

Technology mechanisms Ready-Made

foundational to
Environment
cloud platforms are covered, including:
Resource
Logical Replication
Network Perimeter
Cloud
CloudUsage
Virtual
Monitor
Storage Server
Device
 Logical Network Perimeter

The isolation of a network environment from the rest of communications network, the logical
network perimeter establishes a virtual network boundary that can encompass and isolate a
group of related cloud-based IT resources that may be physically distributed.

Logical network perimeter can be implement to isolate IT resources in a cloud from cloud
users and control the bandwidth via network devices by deploying virtual firewall and virtual
network.
Virtual server

A virtual server is a The virtual server

form of virtualization represents the mode
software that fundamental building
emulates a physical block of cloud
service. environment.

The instantiation of
Cloud customers that
virtual servers from
install or lease virtual
image files is a
servers can customize
resource allocation
their environments
process that can be
independently from
completed rapidly
other customers.
and on-demand.
 The cloud storage device mechanism
represents storage devices that are designed
specifically for cloud-based provisioning.

Cloud
Storage
Cloud storage devices are commonly able to
provide fixed-increment capacity allocation
in support of the pay-per-use mechanism.

Device
The primary concern related to cloud storage
is the security, integrity, and confidentiality.
 There are several levels in providing common
logical units of data storage:

files – located in a folder

Cloud Storage Blocks – lowest level of storage closest to the

Device(Cont.,) HW

Datasets – table-based, delimited, or record

collection

Objects – web-based resources

 According to different storage levels, there
are three kinds of interfaces implemented:

Network storage interfaces – files or

blocks
Cloud Storage
Device(Cont.,)
Object storage interfaces – web resources

Databasre storage interfaces – relational or

nonrelational (NoSQL)
 • The cloud usage monitor mechanism is a
lightweight and autonomous software program
responsible for collecting and processing IT
resource usage.
• Three common agent-based implementation

Cloud
formats: monitoring agent
• Resource agent
• Polling agent

usage • Each monitor agent can be designed to forward

collected usage data to a log database for
postprocessing and reporting purposes.

monitor
monitoring agent is usually an event-driven
program to network traffic and message metrics.
• resource agent monitors usage metrics based on
pre-defined, observable events at the resource
software level, such as initiating, suspending,
resuming, and vertical scaling.
• polling agent polls IT resources to periodically
monitor IT resource status, eg. up or down time.
 Resource Replication

Replication is usually performed when resource’s Resource replication mechanism usually uses
availability and performance need to be enhanced. virtualization technology to replicate cloud-based IT
resources.
 Ready-made environment

THE READY-MADE ENVIRONMENT READY-MADE ENVIRONMENTS ARE UTILIZED TYPICAL READY-MADE ENVIRONMENTS
MECHANISM IS A DEFINING COMPONENT OF BY CLOUD CONSUMERS TO REMOTELY INCLUDE PREINSTALLED IT RESOURCE
THE PAAS CLOUD DELIVERY MODEL THAT DEVELOP AND DEPLOY THEIR OWN SERVICES
REPRESENTS A PLATFORM COMPRISED OF A AND APPLICATIONS WITHIN A CLOUD BY
SET OF ALREADY INSTALLED IT RESOURCES, PROVIDING WITH A COMPLETE SOFTWARE
READY TO BE USED AND CUSTOMIZED BY A DEVELOPMENT KIT (SDK).
CLOUD CONSUMER.
 Cloud Challenges

Challenges for Consumers

Business-critical data requires protection and continuous monitoring of its access.

If the data moves to a cloud model other than an on-premise private cloud, consumers could lose absolute
control of their sensitive data.

Although most of the cloud service providers offer enhanced data security, consumers might not be willing
to transfer control of their business-critical data to the cloud.
Challenges for Providers

1 2 3 4

Cloud service providers usually Alternatively, customer-specific Therefore, cloud service providers Because the cloud resources are
publish a service-level agreement SLAs may be signed between a must ensure that they have distributed and service demands
(SLA) so that their consumers cloud service provider and a adequate resources to provide the fluctuate, it is a challenge for
know about the availability of consumer. SLAs typically mention required levels of services. cloud service providers to
service, quality of service, a penalty amount if cloud service provision physical resources for
downtime compensation, and legal providers fail to provide the peak demand of all consumers and
and regulatory clauses. service levels. estimate the actual cost of
providing the services.
 Cloud Adoption Considerations

1 2 3 4 5

Selection of a deployment Application suitability: Financial advantage: A Selection of a cloud Service-level agreement
model: Risk versus Not all applications are careful analysis of financial service provider: The (SLA): Cloud service
convenience is a key con- good candidates for a benefits provides a clear selection of the provider is providers typically men-
sideration for deciding on a public cloud. This may be picture about the cost- important for a public tion quality of service
cloud adoption strategy. due to the incompatibility savings in adopting the cloud. Consumers need to (QoS) attributes such as
This consideration also between the cloud platform cloud find out how long and how throughput and uptime,
forms the basis for software and the consumer well the provider has been along with cloud services.
choosing the right cloud applications, or maybe the delivering the services.
deployment model organization plans to move
a legacy application to the
cloud.
Usage of • An open source cloud is developed using open
source technologies and software.

Cloud • This covers any public, private or hybrid cloud

models providing SaaS, IaaS and PaaS that have
been built and operate entirely on open source

services technologies.
• In today’s transformational digital journey, the
business, social, economic and technology trends

with open play a major part in shaping the future of an

enterprise.
• Cloud computing has become central to many

source enterprise IT models, and a number of enterprise

architects are trying to make cloud systems as
effective and beneficial as possible

cloud tools
What is
• Reduced capex and opex to deliver business
services.
• It minimises IT costs by reducing delivery times

driving the and improves the quality of the app development

process.
• Changing business model – enterprises will soon

adoption of become integrators of the best-of-the-breed

services through collaboration.
• New regulatory requirements driven by a global

cloud collaborative economy and a need to address

open markets.
• A digital explosion that is raising the bar to

services? deliver a better customer experience.

• Transformation and optimisation across different
process stacks — sales, front-office, middle
office and back office.
 • The open source cloud has the following
characteristics:
• No vendor lock-in and there is seamless
integration of the enterprise applications,
products and systems developed/deployed by
different organisations and vendors.
• The source code will be made available for the
Characteristics community, for adopters and end users to study
and modify the software and to redistribute
of the open copies of either the original or the modified
version. Source code will also be free from any
source cloud royalty.
• With no vendor monopoly, the use of free and
open standards is possible. With data
transferability and open data formats, there are
greater opportunities to share data across
interoperable platforms.
• Adoption of open source software enhances the
interoperability with other enterprise solutions
because the reuse of recommended software
stacks, libraries and components is possible.
 Cloud computing layers and the respective open source

Cloud
products, tools and software that map to each layer of
the cloud computing infrastructure.

computing The layers cover the cloud market, the cloud broker
layers using platform, cloud management, SaaS, PaaS, IaaS, the
cloud platform, virtualisation software/management, and
hardware, which are used across enterprise applications.
open source
The following sections briefly describe the technologies
to be adopted on the cloud, and the equivalent open
source components and products.
 CLOUD
COMPUTING
LAYERS AND
OPEN
SOURCE
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND