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    Muhammad Hammad Mechanics of Blockchain: Scripts & Block

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    Osama Yaqoob
    This document summarizes key aspects of scripts and blocks in blockchain mechanics. It describes how scripts are the programs that control transaction validation and comprise opcodes to perform operations like signature verification. Blocks bundle multiple transactions together in a permanent record that builds the blockchain ledger as each new block is added. Sample scripts and block structures are provided to illustrate how transactions are executed and blocks store blockchain data.

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    Muhammad Hammad Mechanics of Blockchain: Scripts & Block

    Uploaded by

    Osama Yaqoob
    36 views27 pages
    This document summarizes key aspects of scripts and blocks in blockchain mechanics. It describes how scripts are the programs that control transaction validation and comprise opcodes to perform operations like signature verification. Blocks bundle multiple transactions together in a permanent record that builds the blockchain ledger as each new block is added. Sample scripts and block structures are provided to illustrate how transactions are executed and blocks store blockchain data.

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    block chain

    Original Title

    BlockchainTechnologyLecture11

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    This document summarizes key aspects of scripts and blocks in blockchain mechanics. It describes how scripts are the programs that control transaction validation and comprise opcodes to perform operations like signature verification. Blocks bundle multiple transactions together in a permanent record that builds the blockchain ledger as each new block is added. Sample scripts and block structures are provided to illustrate how transactions are executed and blocks store blockchain data.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    36 views27 pages

    Muhammad Hammad Mechanics of Blockchain: Scripts & Block

    Uploaded by

    Osama Yaqoob
    This document summarizes key aspects of scripts and blocks in blockchain mechanics. It describes how scripts are the programs that control transaction validation and comprise opcodes to perform operations like signature verification. Blocks bundle multiple transactions together in a permanent record that builds the blockchain ledger as each new block is added. Sample scripts and block structures are provided to illustrate how transactions are executed and blocks store blockchain data.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 27

    Muhammad Hammad

    Mechanics of Blockchain: Scripts & Block


    Outline
    ● Scripts
    ○ Features
    ○ opcodes
    ○ Execution
    ● Blocks
    ○ Structure
    ○ Example
    Mechanics of Blockchain: Scripts
    ● A script is a program or sequence of instructions
    that is interpreted or carried out by another
    program rather than by the computer processor
    ● Bitcoin script is based on stack-based
    programming (inspired from Forth language)
    ● Bitcoin scripts are compact, simple, finite, supports
    cryptography and contains no loops
    Input Script
    Output Script
    Bitcoin Scripts
    Bitcoin Scripts
    ● There are 2 components of Bitcoin Script
    (separated by whitespace): Data & Instruction
    ● Data: Digital Signature, Public Key of sender,
    Public key of receiver, etc. Data is always pushed
    to stack!
    ● Operation: A keyword recognizable by Bitcoin
    client software, has a prefix of “OP_”. Operation
    always executes a specific function!

    99% of Bitcoin
    Sample the Bitcoin transactions has this exact same
    Script:
    Bitcoin Script Features
    There are total 256 opcodes

    ● Arithmetic Operations
    ● If/Then Conditions
    ● Logic/Data Handling
    ● Cryptographic Functions
    ○ Computation of Hashes
    ○ Signature Verification
    ○ Multi-signature Verification
    Bitcoin Script opcodes
    opcode Description
    OP_CHECKSI Takes public key and signature and validates the signature of the hash
    G of the transaction.
    OP_DUP Duplicates the top item in the stack.
    OP_EQUAL Returns 1 if inputs are exactly equal, returns 0 if otherwise.
    OP_IF If top stack value is not False, the statements are executed. The top
    stack value is removed.
    OP_AND Boolean AND between each bit of the inputs
    OP_SPLIT Split byte sequence x at position n
    OP_DROP Removes the top stack item
    OP_HASH160 The input is hashed twice: first with SHA-256 and then with RIPEMD-
    160.
    OP_DIV Input a is divided by input b
    OP_MOD Return the remainder after input a is divided by input b
    Bitcoin Script Execution
    ● Execution starts from left-to-right side of the script
    ● First step is to push the digital signature “<sig>” to
    the stack
    Bitcoin Script Execution
    ● Public key of the sender “<pubKey>” is also
    pushed to stack
    Bitcoin Script Execution
    ● “OP_DUP” operation pops an item from stack,
    makes a duplicate of the item and then pushes it
    back
    Bitcoin Script Execution
    ● “OP_HASH160” takes the top value of stack,
    computes its hash and pushes it back to the stack
    Bitcoin Script Execution
    ● Public key hash, provided by the Bitcoin owner, is
    pushed to stack
    Bitcoin Script Execution
    ● “OP_EQUALVERIFY” operation takes top 2
    values from stack and compares them
    ● If both are equal then a execution moves towards
    next instruction
    ● If both are not equal then an error message is
    generated and the execution is stopped
    Bitcoin Script Execution
    ● “OP_CHECKSIG” verifies the digital signature of
    the sender
    ● 2 required parameters to verify signature, i.e.
    signature and public key, are popped from stack
    and consumed for this operation
    ● Since signature is tied to the whole transaction, so
    this operation verifies that the whole transaction is
    valid or not
    ● If signature is verified then it means the transaction
    Advanced Scripts
    ● Multi-signature
    ○ Escrow (Guarantor node)
    ○ Green Addresses (Guarantor bank)
    ● Micro-payments (Deliberate Double Spending)
    ● Multiplayer Lotteries (Complex lottery system)
    ● Hash pre-image challenge (Paid brute-force job)
    ● Coin swapping protocols
    Mechanics of Blockchain: Blocks
    ● Blocks are files where data pertaining to the
    Blockchain are permanently recorded.
    ● Each time a block is ‘completed’, it gives way to
    the next block in the blockchain.
    ● A block is thus a permanent store of records which,
    once written, cannot be altered or removed.
    ● A block is like a page of a ledger which bundles
    multiple transactions together.
    Why Bundle Transactions Together?
    ● Single unit of work for miners
    ● Shorten the length of the chain
    ● Less time to verify the chain
    ● Less amount of metadata
    A Typical Blockchain Data Structure
    Example Bitcoin Block
    Example Bitcoin Block Header
    Example Special Coin-Creation
    Transaction
    Real-Time Bitcoin Block View
    Reference Book
    Bitcoin and Cryptocurrency Technologies
    Authors: Arvind Narayanan, Joseph Bonneau,
    Edward Felten, Andrew Miller, Steven Goldfeder

    Publisher: Princeton University Press

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