Dr.

Muhammad
Asadullah
 Python Conditions and If statements

• Python supports the usual logical conditions from mathematics:

• Equals: a == b
• Not Equals: a != b
• Less than: a < b
• Less than or equal to: a <= b
• Greater than: a > b
• Greater than or equal to: a >= b
• These conditions can be used in several ways, most commonly in "if statements" and loops.
 Example

• If statement:
a = 33
b = 200
if b > a:
print("b is greater than a")
In this example we use two variables, a and b , which are used as part of the if statement to
test whether b is greater than a . As a is 33 , and b is 200 , we know that 200 is greater than 33,
and so we print to screen that "b is greater than a".
 Indentation

• Python relies on indentation (whitespace at the beginning of a line) to define scope in the code.
• Other programming languages often use curly-brackets for this purpose.
• Example
If statement, without indentation (will raise an error):
a = 33
b = 200
if b > a:
print("b is greater than a") # you will get an error
 Elif
• The elif keyword is pythons way of saying "if the previous conditions were not true, then try
this condition".
• Example
a = 33
b = 33
if b > a:
print("b is greater than a")
elif a == b:
print("a and b are equal")
In this example a is equal to b , so the first condition is not true, but the elif condition is true, so
we print to screen that "a and b are equal".
 Else

• The else keyword catches anything which isn't caught by the preceding conditions.
• Example
a = 200
b = 33
if b > a:
print("b is greater than a")
elif a == b:
print("a and b are equal")
else:
print("a is greater than b")
 In this example

• a is greater than b , so the first condition is not true, also the elif condition is not true, so we go to the else
condition and print to screen that "a is greater than b".
• You can also have an else without the elif :
a = 200
b = 33
if b > a:
print("b is greater than a")
else:
print("b is not greater than a")
 Short Hand If

• If you have only one statement to execute, you can put it on the same line as
the if statement.
• Example
One line if statement:
if a > b:
print("a is greater than b")
 Short Hand If ... Else

• If you have only one statement to execute, one for if, and one for else, you can put it all on the same line:
• Example
One line if else statement:
a=2
b = 330
print("A") if a > b else print("B")
This technique is known as Ternary Operators, or Conditional Expressions.
You can also have multiple else statements on the same line:
 And

• The and keyword is a logical operator, and is used to combine conditional statements:
• Example
Test if a is greater than b , AND if c is greater than a :
a = 200
b = 33
c = 500
if a > b and c > a:
print("Both conditions are True")
 Or

• The or keyword is a logical operator, and is used to combine conditional statements:

• Example
Test if a is greater than b , OR if a is greater than c :
a = 200
b = 33
c = 500
if a > b or a > c:
print("At least one of the conditions is True")
 Nested

• If You can have if statements inside if statements, this is called nested if statements.
• Example
x = 41
if x > 10:
print("Above ten,")
if x > 20:
print("and also above 20!")
else:
print("but not above 20.")
 The pass Statement

• if statements cannot be empty, but if you for some reason have an if

statement with no content, put in the pass statement to avoid getting an error.
• Example
a = 33
b = 200
if b > a: pass
 Python Loops

• Python Loops
• Python has two primitive loop commands:
• while loops
• for loops
 The while Loop

• With the while loop we can execute a set of statements as long as a condition is true.
• Example
Print i as long as i is less than 6:
i=1
while i < 6:
print(i)
i += 1
The while loop requires relevant variables to be ready, in this example we need to define an indexing variable,
i , which we set to 1.
 The break Statement

• With the break statement we can stop the loop even if the while condition is true:
• Example
Exit the loop when i is 3:
i=1
while i < 6:
print(i)
if i == 3:
break i += 1
 The continue Statement

• With the continue statement we can stop the current iteration, and continue with the next:
• Example
Continue to the next iteration if i is 3:
i=0
while i < 6:
i += 1
if i == 3:
continue print(i)
 The else Statement

• With the else statement we can run a block of code once when the condition no longer is true:
• Example
Print a message once the condition is false:
i=1
while i < 6:
print(i)
i += 1
else:
print("i is no longer less than 6")
 Python For Loops
• Python For Loops A for loop is used for iterating over a sequence (that is either a list, a tuple, a
dictionary, a set, or a string).
• This is less like the for keyword in other programming languages, and works more like an
iterator method as found in other object-orientated programming languages.
• With the for loop we can execute a set of statements, once for each item in a list, tuple, set etc.
• Example
Print each fruit in a fruit list:
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
for x in fruits:
print(x)
The for loop does not require an indexing variable to set beforehand.
 Looping Through a String

• Even strings are iterable objects, they contain a sequence of characters:

• Example
Loop through the letters in the word "banana":
for x in "banana":
print(x)
 The break Statement

• With the break statement we can stop the loop before it has looped through all the items:
• Example
Exit the loop when x is "banana":
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
for x in fruits:
print(x)
if x == "banana":
break
 Example

• Exit the loop when x is "banana", but this time the break comes before the print:
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
for x in fruits:
if x == "banana":
break
print(x)
 The continue Statement

• With the continue statement we can stop the current iteration of the loop, and continue with the next:
• Example
• Do not print banana:
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
for x in fruits:
if x == "banana":
Continue
print(x)
• The range() Function To loop through a set of code a specified number of times, we can use
the range() function,
• The range() function returns a sequence of numbers, starting from 0 by default, and
increments by 1 (by default), and ends at a specified number
• Example
Using the range() function:
for x in range(6):
print(x)
• Note that range(6) is not the values of 0 to 6, but the values 0 to 5.
• The range() function defaults to 0 as a starting value, however it is possible to
specify the starting value by adding a parameter: range(2, 6) , which means
values from 2 to 6 (but not including 6):
• Example Using the start parameter:
for x in range(2, 6):
print(x)
 Else in For Loop

• The else keyword in a for loop specifies a block of code to be executed when the loop is finished:
• Example
• Print all numbers from 0 to 5, and print a message when the loop has ended:
for x in range(6):
print(x)
else:
print("Finally finished!")
 Nested Loops

• A nested loop is a loop inside a loop. The "inner loop" will be executed one time for each iteration of the
"outer loop":
• Example
• Print each adjective for every fruit:
adj = ["red", "big", "tasty"]
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
for x in adj:
for y in fruits:
print(x, y)
 The pass Statement

• for loops cannot be empty, but if you for some reason have a for loop with
no content, put in the pass statement to avoid getting an error.
• Example
• for x in [0, 1, 2]:
• pass
Thank you