MATHEMATICS IN

THE MODERN
WORLD
RYAN G. VIVAR
Course Objectives
Knowledge
1. Discuss and argue about the nature of mathematics, what it is, how it is expressed,
represented, and used.
1. Use different types of reasoning to justify statements and arguments made about
mathematics and mathematical concepts.
1. Discuss the language and symbols of mathematics
Skills
1. Use a variety of statistical tools to process and manage numerical data.
1. Analyze codes and coding schemes used for identification, privacy, and security purposes
1. Use mathematics in other areas such as finance, voting, health and medicine, business,
environment, arts and design, and recreation
Values
1. Appreciate the nature and uses of mathematics in everyday life.
1. Affirm honestly and integrity in the application of mathematics to various human
endeavors.
What is Mathematics in the modern world?
Mathematics is the science that deals with the logic of shape, quantity and arrangement. Math is all
around us, in everything we do. It is the building block for everything in our daily lives, including mobile
devices, architecture (ancient and modern), art, money, engineering, and even sports.
What is the important of mathematics in the modern world?
Math helps us understand the world — and we use the world to understand math. The world is
interconnected. ... Math is a powerful tool for global understanding and communication. Using it,
students can make sense of the world and solve complex and real problems.

What is the role of mathematics in the modern world?

Mathematics helps the man to give exact interpretation to his ideas and conclusions. It is the numerical
and calculation part of man's life and knowledge. It plays a predominant role in our everyday life and it
has become an indispensable factor for the progress of our present day world.

What is the role of mathematics in the modern world?

The central purpose of mathematics in the modern world is to explore those facets of mathematics that
will strengthen your quantitative understanding of our endeavors of our environs.
CONTENT:

1. Nature of Mathematics
A. patters and numbers in nature and the world.
b. the fibbonacci Sequence
c. mathematics for our world.
2. Speaking mathematically
a. variables
b. the language of sets
c. the language of relations and functions
3. Problem solving
a. inductive and deductive reasoning
b. problem solving with patterns
c. problem solving strategies
As a science of abstract THE NATURE OF MATHEMATICS
objects, mathematics relies on logic Mathematics relies on both logic and creativity,
rather than on observation as its and it is pursued both for a variety of practical
standard of truth, yet employs purposes and for its intrinsic interest. For some
observation, simulation, and even people, and not only professional
experimentation as means of discovering mathematicians, the essence of mathematics lies
truth. ... in its beauty and its intellectual challenge. For
others, including many scientists and engineers,
Mathematics seeks to discover and the chief value of mathematics is how it applies
explain abstract patterns or regularities to their own work. Because mathematics plays
of all kinds. Visual patterns in nature find such a central role in modern culture, some basic
explanations in chaos theory, fractals, understanding of the nature of mathematics is
logarithmic spirals, topology and requisite for scientific literacy. To achieve this,
other mathematical patterns. For students need to perceive mathematics as part of
example, L-systems form convincing the scientific endeavor, comprehend the nature of
models of different patterns of tree mathematical thinking, and become familiar with
growth. key mathematical ideas and skills.
Patterns in nature are visible regularities of form found in
the natural world. These patterns recur in different contexts
and can sometimes be modelled mathematically. Natural
patterns include symmetries, trees, spirals, meanders, 
waves, foams, tessellations, cracks and stripes.
Patterns in Architecture: the columns of Zeus's
temple in Athens
A pattern is a regularity in the world, in human-made
design, or in abstract ideas. As such, the elements of a
pattern repeat in a predictable manner.

Fractal model of a fern illustrating self-similarity

Patterns in architecture: the Virupaksha temple at

Hampi has a fractal-like structure where the parts
resemble the whole.
 A language is a structured system of communication used by humans,
based on speech and gesture (spoken language), sign, or often writing. The
A geometric pattern is a kind of pattern formed of geometric shapes structure of language is its grammar and the free components are its 
 and typically repeated like a wallpaper design. vocabulary. Many languages, including the most widely-spoken ones, have 
writing systems that enable sounds or signs to be recorded for later
Any of the senses may directly observe patterns. Conversely, abstract reactivation. Human language is unique among known systems of 
patterns in science, mathematics, or language may be observable only animal communication in that it is not dependent on a single mode of
by analysis. Direct observation in practice means seeing visual transmission (sight, sound etc.), it is highly variable between cultures and
patterns, which are widespread in nature and in art. Visual  across time, and affords a much wider range of expression than other
patterns in nature are often chaotic, rarely exactly repeating, and often systems.[1] It has the properties of productivity and displacement, and relies
involve fractals.
Natural patterns include spirals, meanders, waves, foams, tilings,  on social convention and learning.
cracks, and those created by symmetries of rotation and reflection. Chaos theory is an interdisciplinary theory and
Patterns have an underlying mathematical structure;[1] indeed, branch of mathematics focusing on the study
mathematics can be seen as the search for regularities, and the output of chaos: dynamical systems whose apparently
of any function is a mathematical pattern. Similarly in the sciences, random states of disorder and irregularities are
theories explain and predict regularities in the world. actually governed by underlying patterns and
In art and architecture, decorations or visual motifs may be combined deterministic laws that are highly sensitive to 
and repeated to form patterns designed to have a chosen effect on the initial conditions.[1][2] Chaos theory states that
viewer. In computer science, a software design pattern is a known within the apparent randomness of 
solution to a class of problems in programming. In fashion, the pattern chaotic complex systems, there are underlying
is a template used to create any number of similar garments. patterns, interconnectedness, constant 
feedback loops, repetition, self-similarity, fractals,
and self-organization.[3] The butterfly effect, an
Science (from Latin scientia 'knowledge')[1] is a systematic enterprise underlying principle of chaos, describes how a
that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable  small change in one state of a deterministic 
explanations and predictions about the world. nonlinear system can result in large differences in
a later state (meaning that there is sensitive
Mathematics (from Greek: μάθημα, máthēma, 'knowledge, study,
dependence on initial conditions).[4] A metaphor for
learning') includes the study of such topics as quantity (number theory),[1] 
this behavior is that a butterfly flapping its wings
structure (algebra),[2] space (geometry),[1] and change (analysis).[3][4][5] It has
in Brazil can cause a tornado in Texas.[5]
no generally accepted definition.[6][7]
 a wave is a propagating dynamic
Fractals appear the same at disturbance (change from 
different scales, as illustrated in equilibrium) of one or more 
successive magnifications of the  quantities, sometimes as
Mandelbrot set.[1][2][3][4] Fractals described by a wave equation. In
often exhibit similar patterns at physical waves, at least two field
increasingly smaller scales, a  quantities in the wave medium
property called self-similarity, also are involved
known as expanding symmetry or
unfolding symmetry; if this
replication is exactly the same at Foam is an object formed by
every scale, as in the Menger trapping pockets of gas in a liquid
sponge,[5] it is called affine self-  or solid.
similar. Fractal geometry lies
within the mathematical branch of 
measure theory.

A tessellation or tiling of a
A meander is one of a series flat surface is the covering
of regular sinuous curves, of a plane using one or
bends, loops, turns, or more geometric shapes,
windings in the channel of a called tiles, with no overlaps
river, stream, or other and no gaps. In 
watercourse. It is produced by mathematics, tessellations
a stream or river swinging can be generalized to 
from side to side as it flows higher dimensions and a
across its floodplain or shifts variety of geometries.
its channel within a valley.
 Patterns have an underlying mathematical structure;[1] indeed, mathematics
can be seen as the search for regularities, and the output of any function is a
mathematical pattern. Similarly in the sciences, theories explain and predict
Fracture is the separation of an object
regularities in the world.
or material into two or more pieces
In art and architecture, decorations or visual motifs may be combined and
under the action of stress. The fracture
repeated to form patterns designed to have a chosen effect on the viewer. In
of a solid usually occurs due to the
computer science, a software design pattern is a known solution to a class
development of certain displacement
of problems in programming. In fashion, the pattern is a template used to
discontinuity surfaces within the solid. If
create any number of similar garments.
a displacement develops perpendicular
to the surface of displacement, it is
called a normal tensile crack or simply A motif may be an element in the
a crack iconography of a particular subject or
type of subject that is seen in other
Rotational symmetry, also known works, or may form the main subject,
as radial symmetry in biology, is the as the Master of Animals motif in
property a shape has when it looks the ancient art typically does.
same after some rotation by a partial turn.
An object's degree of rotational symmetry In software engineering, a software design pattern is a general, reusable
is the number of distinct orientations in  solution to a commonly occurring problem within a given context in 
which it looks exactly the same for each software design. It is not a finished design that can be transformed directly
rotation. into source or machine code. Rather, it is a description or template for how
to solve a problem that can be used in many different situations. Design
Reflection symmetry, line patterns are formalized best practices that the programmer can use to solve
symmetry, mirror symmetry, common problems when designing an application or system.
or mirror-image symmetry, is 
symmetry with respect to  A die is a specialized machine tool used in manufacturing industries to cut
reflection. That is, a figure which and/or form material to a desired shape or profile. Stamping dies are used
does not change upon with a press,[1] as opposed to drawing dies (used in the manufacture of
undergoing a reflection has wire) and casting dies (used in molding) which are not. Like molds, dies are
reflectional symmetry. generally customized to the item they are used to create.
Mathematics, physics and chemistry can explain patterns in nature at
Types of pattern
different levels and scales. Patterns in living things are explained by the 
biological processes of natural selection and sexual selection. Studies of 
pattern formation make use of computer models to simulate a wide range of
patterns. Symmetry[edit]
Further information: Symmetry in biology, Floral symmetry, and 
Natural selection is the differential
Crystal symmetry
survival and reproduction of individuals
Symmetry is pervasive in living things. Animals mainly have bilateral
due to differences in phenotype. It is a
or mirror symmetry, as do the leaves of plants and some flowers such
key mechanism of evolution, the
as orchids.[30] Plants often have radial or rotational symmetry, as do
change in the heritable traits
many flowers and some groups of animals such as sea anemones.
 characteristic of a population over
Fivefold symmetry is found in the echinoderms, the group that
generations. Charles Darwin
includes starfish, sea urchins, and sea lilies.
 popularised the term "natural
selection", contrasting it with 
artificial selection, which in his view is Symmetry in biology refers to the symmetry
intentional, whereas natural selection is observed in organisms, including plants, animals, fungi
not. , and bacteria. External symmetry can be easily seen
Sexual selection is a mode of natural selection by just looking at an organism. For example, take the
 in which members of one biological sex  face of a human being which has a plane of symmetry
choose mates of the other sex to mate with
(intersexual selection), and compete with down its centre, or a pine cone with a clear
members of the same sex for access to symmetrical spiral pattern. Internal features can also
members of the opposite sex (intrasexual
selection). These two forms of selection mean show symmetry, for example the tubes in the human
that some individuals have greater  body (responsible for transporting gases, nutrients,
reproductive success than others within a 
population, for example because they are more  and waste products) which are cylindrical and have
attractive or prefer more attractive partners to several planes of symmetry.
produce offspring
In biology, an organism (from Greek:
ὀργανισμός, organismos) is any organic, 
living system that functions as an
individual entity.[1] All organisms are
composed of cells (cell theory).[1]
 Organisms are classified by taxonomy
 into groups such as multicellular animals
, plants, and fungi; or unicellular 
microorganisms such as protists, 
bacteria, and archaea.[2] All types of
organisms are capable of reproduction, 
growth and development, maintenance,
and some degree of response to stimuli. 
Primates, squids, mushrooms, and 
vascular plants are examples of
multicellular organisms that differentiate
 specialized tissues and organs during 
development.
  a splash is a sudden disturbance to
the otherwise quiescent free surface
Among non-living things, snowflakes have striking sixfold symmetry; each  of a liquid (usually water). The
flake's structure forms a record of the varying conditions during its disturbance is typically caused by a
crystallization, with nearly the same pattern of growth on each of its six solid object suddenly hitting the
arms.[32] Crystals in general have a variety of symmetries and crystal habits; surface, although splashes can occur
they can be cubic or octahedral, but true crystals cannot have fivefold in which moving liquid supplies the
symmetry (unlike quasicrystals).[33] Rotational symmetry is found at different energy. This use of the word is 
scales among non-living things, including the crown-shaped splash pattern onomatopoeic; in the past plash has
formed when a drop falls into a pond, [34] and both the spheroidal shape and been used. Splash also happens
rings of a planet like Saturn. when a liquid droplet impacts on a
liquid or a solid surface
A snowflake is a single ice crystal
 that has achieved a sufficient size, A spheroid, also known as an ellipsoid of revolution or rotational
and may have amalgamated with ellipsoid, is a quadric surface obtained by rotating an ellipse about
others, then falls through the  one of its principal axes; in other words, an ellipsoid with two equal 
Earth's atmosphere as snow semi-diameters. A spheroid has circular symmetry.

A crystal or crystalline solid is a 
solid material whose constituents
(such as atoms, molecules, or ions)
are arranged in a highly ordered
microscopic structure, forming a 
crystal lattice that extends in all
directions.
Symmetry has a variety of causes. Radial symmetry suits organisms like sea anemones whose adults do not move:
food and threats may arrive from any direction. But animals that move in one direction necessarily have upper and
lower sides, head and tail ends, and therefore a left and a right. The head becomes specialised with a mouth and
sense organs (cephalisation), and the body becomes bilaterally symmetric (though internal organs need not be).[36]
 More puzzling is the reason for the fivefold (pentaradiate) symmetry of the echinoderms. Early echinoderms were
bilaterally symmetrical, as their larvae still are. Sumrall and Wray argue that the loss of the old symmetry had both
developmental and ecological causes.
 Fractals are infinitely self-similar, iterated mathematical constructs having 
fractal dimension.[20][41][42] Infinite iteration is not possible in nature so all
'fractal' patterns are only approximate. For example, the leaves of ferns
Trees, fractals  and umbellifers (Apiaceae) are only self-similar (pinnate) to 2, 3 or 4
The branching pattern of trees was described in the Italian Renaissance by  levels. Fern-like growth patterns occur in plants and in animals including 
Leonardo da Vinci. In A Treatise on Painting he stated that:
bryozoa, corals, hydrozoa like the air fern, Sertularia argentea, and in non-
All the branches of a tree at every stage of its living things, notably electrical discharges. Lindenmayer system fractals
height when put together are equal in thickness to can model different patterns of tree growth by varying a small number of
parameters including branching angle, distance between nodes or branch
the trunk [below them]. [38]

points (internode length), and number of branches per branch point.

A more general version states that when a parent branch splits into two or
more child branches, the surface areas of the child branches add up to that
Fractal-like patterns occur widely in nature, in phenomena as diverse as
of the parent branch.[39] An equivalent formulation is that if a parent branch
clouds, river networks, geologic fault lines, mountains, coastlines,[43] 
splits into two child branches, then the cross-sectional diameters of the
animal coloration, snow flakes,[44] crystals,[45] blood vessel branching,[46] 
parent and the two child branches form a right-angled triangle. One
actin cytoskeleton,[47] and ocean waves
explanation is that this allows trees to better withstand high winds. [39]
 Simulations of biomechanical models agree with the rule.
 From the point of view of physics, spirals are lowest-energy
configurations[56] which emerge spontaneously through 
Spirals are common in plants and in some animals, notably molluscs. For self-organizing processes in dynamic systems.[57] From the point of
example, in the nautilus, a cephalopod mollusc, each chamber of its shell is view of chemistry, a spiral can be generated by a reaction-diffusion
an approximate copy of the next one, scaled by a constant factor and process, involving both activation and inhibition. Phyllotaxis is
arranged in a logarithmic spiral.[49] Given a modern understanding of fractals, controlled by proteins that manipulate the concentration of the plant
a growth spiral can be seen as a special case of self-similarity. hormone auxin, which activates meristem growth, alongside other
mechanisms to control the relative angle of buds around the stem. [58]
In mathematics, a spiral is a curve which emanates from a  From a biological perspective, arranging leaves as far apart as
point, moving farther away as it revolves around the point possible in any given space is favoured by natural selection as it
maximises access to resources, especially sunlight for 
Plant spirals can be seen in phyllotaxis, the arrangement of leaves on a photosynthesis.
stem, and in the arrangement (parastichy[51]) of other parts as in composite 
flower heads and seed heads like the sunflower or fruit structures like the 
pineapple[15][52]: 337  and snake fruit, as well as in the pattern of scales in 
pine cones, where multiple spirals run both clockwise and anticlockwise.
These arrangements have explanations at different levels – mathematics,
physics, chemistry, biology – each individually correct, but all necessary
together.[53] Phyllotaxis spirals can be generated mathematically from 
Fibonacci ratios: the Fibonacci sequence runs 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13... (each
subsequent number being the sum of the two preceding ones). For example,
when leaves alternate up a stem, one rotation of the spiral touches two
leaves, so the pattern or ratio is 1/2. In hazel the ratio is 1/3; in apricot it is
2/5; in pear it is 3/8; in almond it is 5/13.[54] In disc phyllotaxis as in the 
sunflower and daisy, the florets are arranged in Fermat's spiral with
Fibonacci numbering, at least when the flowerhead is mature so all the
elements are the same size. Fibonacci ratios approximate the golden angle,
137.508°, which governs the curvature of Fermat's spiral. [55]
 Vortex streets are zigzagging patterns of whirling vortices created by
the unsteady separation of flow of a fluid, most often air or water,
Chaos, flow, meanders over obstructing objects.[63] Smooth (laminar) flow starts to break up
In mathematics, a dynamical system is chaotic if it is (highly) sensitive to when the size of the obstruction or the velocity of the flow become
initial conditions (the so-called "butterfly effect"[59]), which requires the large enough compared to the viscosity of the fluid.
mathematical properties of topological mixing and dense periodic orbits. Meanders are sinuous bends in rivers or other channels, which form
as a fluid, most often water, flows around bends. As soon as the
Alongside fractals, chaos theory ranks as an essentially universal influence path is slightly curved, the size and curvature of each loop increases
on patterns in nature. There is a relationship between chaos and fractals— as helical flow drags material like sand and gravel across the river to
the strange attractors in chaotic systems have a fractal dimension.[61] Some  the inside of the bend. The outside of the loop is left clean and
cellular automata, simple sets of mathematical rules that generate patterns, unprotected, so erosion accelerates, further increasing the
have chaotic behaviour, meandering in a powerful positive feedback loop.
 Barchans or crescent dunes are produced by wind acting on desert
Waves, dunes sand; the two horns of the crescent and the slip face point
Waves are disturbances that carry energy as they move. Mechanical waves downwind. Sand blows over the upwind face, which stands at about
 propagate through a medium – air or water, making it oscillate as they pass 15 degrees from the horizontal, and falls onto the slip face, where it
by.[65] Wind waves are sea surface waves that create the characteristic accumulates up to the angle of repose of the sand, which is about 35
chaotic pattern of any large body of water, though their statistical behaviour degrees. When the slip face exceeds the angle of repose, the sand 
can be predicted with wind wave models. [66] As waves in water or wind pass avalanches, which is a nonlinear behaviour: the addition of many
over sand, they create patterns of ripples. When winds blow over large small amounts of sand causes nothing much to happen, but then the
bodies of sand, they create dunes, sometimes in extensive dune fields as in addition of a further small amount suddenly causes a large amount
the Taklamakan desert. Dunes may form a range of patterns including to avalanche.[68] Apart from this nonlinearity, barchans behave rather
crescents, very long straight lines, stars, domes, parabolas, and longitudinal like solitary waves.
or seif ('sword') shapes.
 At the scale of living cells, foam patterns are common; 
radiolarians, sponge spicules, silicoflagellate exoskeletons and
Bubbles, foam the calcite skeleton of a sea urchin, Cidaris rugosa, all resemble
A soap bubble forms a sphere, a surface with minimal area (minimal surface mineral casts of Plateau foam boundaries.  The skeleton of
[72][73]

) — the smallest possible surface area for the volume enclosed. Two the Radiolarian, Aulonia hexagona, a beautiful marine form drawn
bubbles together form a more complex shape: the outer surfaces of both by Ernst Haeckel, looks as if it is a sphere composed wholly of
bubbles are spherical; these surfaces are joined by a third spherical surface hexagons, but this is mathematically impossible. The 
as the smaller bubble bulges slightly into the larger one. Euler characteristic states that for any convex polyhedron, the
number of faces plus the number of vertices (corners) equals the
A foam is a mass of bubbles; foams of different materials occur in nature. number of edges plus two. A result of this formula is that any
Foams composed of soap films obey Plateau's laws, which require three closed polyhedron of hexagons has to include exactly 12
soap films to meet at each edge at 120° and four soap edges to meet at pentagons, like a soccer ball, Buckminster Fuller geodesic dome,
each vertex at the tetrahedral angle of about 109.5°. Plateau's laws further or fullerene molecule. This can be visualised by noting that a
require films to be smooth and continuous, and to have a constant  mesh of hexagons is flat like a sheet of chicken wire, but each
average curvature at every point. For example, a film may remain nearly flat pentagon that is added forces the mesh to bend (there are fewer
on average by being curved up in one direction (say, left to right) while being corners, so the mesh is pulled in).
curved downwards in another direction (say, front to back). [70][71] Structures
with minimal surfaces can be used as tents.
Tessellations
Tessellations are patterns formed by repeating tiles all over a flat surface. There are 17 wallpaper groups of tilings.[75] While common in art and design,
exactly repeating tilings are less easy to find in living things. The cells in the paper nests of social wasps, and the wax cells in honeycomb built by
honey bees are well-known examples. Among animals, bony fish, reptiles or the pangolin, or fruits like the salak are protected by overlapping scales
or osteoderms, these form more-or-less exactly repeating units, though often the scales in fact vary continuously in size. Among flowers, the snake's
head fritillary, Fritillaria meleagris, have a tessellated chequerboard pattern on their petals. The structures of minerals provide good examples of
regularly repeating three-dimensional arrays. Despite the hundreds of thousands of known minerals, there are rather few possible types of
arrangement of atoms in a crystal, defined by crystal structure, crystal system, and point group; for example, there are exactly 14 Bravais lattices for
the 7 lattice systems in three-dimensional space.
Cracks
Cracks are linear openings that form in materials to relieve stress. When an elastic material stretches or shrinks uniformly, it eventually reaches its
breaking strength and then fails suddenly in all directions, creating cracks with 120 degree joints, so three cracks meet at a node. Conversely, when
an inelastic material fails, straight cracks form to relieve the stress. Further stress in the same direction would then simply open the existing cracks;
stress at right angles can create new cracks, at 90 degrees to the old ones. Thus the pattern of cracks indicates whether the material is elastic or
not.[77] In a tough fibrous material like oak tree bark, cracks form to relieve stress as usual, but they do not grow long as their growth is interrupted by
bundles of strong elastic fibres. Since each species of tree has its own structure at the levels of cell and of molecules, each has its own pattern of
splitting in its bark.
Spots, stripes
Leopards and ladybirds are spotted; angelfish and zebras are striped. [79] These patterns have an evolutionary explanation: they have functions which
increase the chances that the offspring of the patterned animal will survive to reproduce. One function of animal patterns is camouflage;[26] for
instance, a leopard that is harder to see catches more prey. Another function is signalling[27] — for instance, a ladybird is less likely to be attacked by 
predatory birds that hunt by sight, if it has bold warning colours, and is also distastefully bitter or poisonous, or mimics other distasteful insects. A
young bird may see a warning patterned insect like a ladybird and try to eat it, but it will only do this once; very soon it will spit out the bitter insect;
the other ladybirds in the area will remain undisturbed. The young leopards and ladybirds, inheriting genes that somehow create spottedness,
survive. But while these evolutionary and functional arguments explain why these animals need their patterns, they do not explain how the patterns
are formed.[79]
 Later research has managed to create convincing models of patterns
as diverse as zebra stripes, giraffe blotches, jaguar spots (medium-
Pattern formation dark patches surrounded by dark broken rings) and ladybird shell
patterns (different geometrical layouts of spots and stripes, see
Alan Turing,[17] and later the mathematical biologist James Murray,[80]
illustrations).[82] Richard Prum's activation-inhibition models, developed
 described a mechanism that spontaneously creates spotted or striped
from Turing's work, use six variables to account for the observed range
patterns: a reaction–diffusion system.[81] The cells of a young organism have
of nine basic within-feather pigmentation patterns, from the simplest, a
genes that can be switched on by a chemical signal, a morphogen, resulting
central pigment patch, via concentric patches, bars, chevrons, eye
in the growth of a certain type of structure, say a darkly pigmented patch of
spot, pair of central spots, rows of paired spots and an array of dots. [83]
skin. If the morphogen is present everywhere, the result is an even [84]: 6 
 More elaborate models simulate complex feather patterns in the
pigmentation, as in a black leopard. But if it is unevenly distributed, spots or
guineafowl Numida meleagris in which the individual feathers feature
stripes can result. Turing suggested that there could be feedback control of
transitions from bars at the base to an array of dots at the far (distal)
the production of the morphogen itself. This could cause continuous
end. These require an oscillation created by two inhibiting signals, with
fluctuations in the amount of morphogen as it diffused around the body. A
interactions in both space and time
second mechanism is needed to create standing wave patterns (to result in
spots or stripes): an inhibitor chemical that switches off production of the
morphogen, and that itself diffuses through the body more quickly than the Patterns can form for other reasons in the vegetated landscape of 
morphogen, resulting in an activator-inhibitor scheme. The Belousov– tiger bush[85] and fir waves.[86] Tiger bush stripes occur on arid slopes
Zhabotinsky reaction is a non-biological example of this kind of scheme, a  where plant growth is limited by rainfall. Each roughly horizontal
chemical oscillator. stripe of vegetation effectively collects the rainwater from the bare
zone immediately above it.[85] Fir waves occur in forests on mountain
slopes after wind disturbance, during regeneration. When trees fall,
the trees that they had sheltered become exposed and are in turn
more likely to be damaged, so gaps tend to expand downwind.
Meanwhile, on the windward side, young trees grow, protected by the
wind shadow of the remaining tall trees. [86] Natural patterns are
sometimes formed by animals, as in the Mima mounds of the
Northwestern United States and some other areas, which appear to
be created over many years by the burrowing activities of 
pocket gophers,[87] while the so-called fairy circles of Namibia appear
to be created by the interaction of competing groups of sand
termites, along with competition for water among the desert plants.
Patterns can form for other reasons in the vegetated landscape of tiger bush[85] and fir waves.[86] Tiger bush stripes occur on arid slopes where
plant growth is limited by rainfall. Each roughly horizontal stripe of vegetation effectively collects the rainwater from the bare zone immediately
above it.[85] Fir waves occur in forests on mountain slopes after wind disturbance, during regeneration. When trees fall, the trees that they had
sheltered become exposed and are in turn more likely to be damaged, so gaps tend to expand downwind. Meanwhile, on the windward side,
young trees grow, protected by the wind shadow of the remaining tall trees. [86] Natural patterns are sometimes formed by animals, as in the Mima
mounds of the Northwestern United States and some other areas, which appear to be created over many years by the burrowing activities of 
pocket gophers,[87] while the so-called fairy circles of Namibia appear to be created by the interaction of competing groups of sand termites, along
with competition for water among the desert plants.
The fissured pattern that develops on vertebrate brains is caused by a physical process of constrained expansion dependent on two geometric
parameters: relative tangential cortical expansion and relative thickness of the cortex. Similar patterns of gyri (peaks) and sulci (troughs) have
been demonstrated in models of the brain starting from smooth, layered gels, with the patterns caused by compressive mechanical forces
resulting from the expansion of the outer layer (representing the cortex) after the addition of a solvent. Numerical models in computer simulations
support natural and experimental observations that the surface folding patterns increase in larger brains.
The science of pattern formation deals with the visible, (statistically) orderly outcomes of self-organization and the common principles behind
similar patterns in nature.
In developmental biology, pattern formation refers to the generation of complex organizations of cell fates in space and time. The role of genes in
pattern formation is an aspect of morphogenesis, the creation of diverse anatomies from similar genes, now being explored in the science of 
evolutionary developmental biology or evo-devo. The mechanisms involved are well seen in the anterior-posterior patterning of embryos from the 
model organism Drosophila melanogaster (a fruit fly), one of the first organisms to have its morphogenesis studied, and in the eyespots of
butterflies, whose development is a variant of the standard (fruit fly) mechanism.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patterns_in_nature#Causes
PATTERNS AND NUMBERS IN NATURE AND THE WORL
 PATTERNS AND NUMBERS IN NATURE AND THE WORL

SYMMETRY
Note that if you rotate the starfish in Figure 3 by 72◦ , you can still
achieve the same appearance as the origina...
PATTERNS AND NUMBERS IN NATURE AND THE WORL
PATTERNS AND NUMBERS IN NATURE AND THE WORL
 The Fibonacci sequence

Fibonacci sequence
A Sequence is an ordered list of numbers, called terms, that may
have repeated values. The arrangement of these term is a set by
definite rule.

Example 1:
analyze the given sequence for its rule and identify the next three terms
a. 1, 10, 100, 1000
b. 2, 5, 9, 14, 20
 The Fibonacci sequence

Fibonacci sequence
History
Fibonacci was not the first to know about the sequence, it
was known in India hundreds of years before.
Fibonacci Day
Fibonacci Day is November 23rd, as it has the digits "1, 1, 2, 3" which is part of the sequence. So next Nov 23 let everyone
know!

About Fibonacci The Man

His real name was Leonardo Pisano Bogollo, and he lived between 1170 and 1250 in
Italy.
"Fibonacci" was his nickname, which roughly means "Son of Bonacci".
As well as being famous for the Fibonacci Sequence, he helped spread 
Hindu-Arabic Numerals (like our present numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) through
Europe in place of Roman Numerals (I, II, III, IV, V, etc). That has saved us all a lot of
trouble! Thank you Leonardo.
 The Fibonacci sequence

Fibonacci sequence
Starting 0 and 1, the succeeding terms in the sequence can be
generated by adding the two numbers that came before the term:

Fibonacci sequence is evident in the number of variations of a particular category.

0+1 = 1 -the pattern is very visible in nature
1+1 = 2 -it is also known as Golden Ratio. (this is approximately equal to 1.618.)
1+2 = 3
2+3 = 5
3+5 = 8
5+8 = 13
…
 The Fibonacci sequence

Fibonacci sequence
How do you calculate Fibonacci?
Add the first term (1) and 0.
1.Remember, to find any given number in the Fibonacci sequence, you simply add the two
previous numbers in the sequence.
2.To create the sequence, you should think of 0 coming before 1 (the first term), so 1 + 0 = 1.
The Fibonacci sequence