Data Communication and Networking All in One

Data Communication and
Computer Networks
Introduction
1
CS-381 – Data Communication and Computer Networks 2011
Outline of Lesson-1
 Course introduction
 Applications of Networking
 Overview of Data Communications and
Networking
 Protocol standards
 The Internet
 Reference Models
Introduction 2
Introduction
 Computer Network : is a collection of autonomous
computers interconnected by a single technology to
exchange information.
Introduction 3
Network Applications
 Business Applications
 Home Applications
 Mobile Users
Introduction 4
Network Applications
 Business Applications
 Resource sharing : printers, scanners, cd
burners, information such as financial
statements, payrolls, tax information, product
inventory, customer records, etc.
 e.g. Modern manufacturing plant,
 Travel agencies
 Law firms
 Ending ‘tyranny of geography’
Introduction 5
Business Applications contd..
 Communication medium among employees.
 e.g. e-mail, writing report together,
 videoconferencing – communication vs transport race
 Real-time business
 Placing orders on-line. e.g. aircraft, automobile, computer
suppliers and buyers
 Banks: Real-time transactions, application processing,
 Business: Accounting, payrolls, purchasing, human
resources.
e-Commerce: business with consumers, music vendors,
airline tickets, bookstores,
Introduction 6
Mail Services
Figure 1.4 Mail services

Introduction 7
Home Applications
 Access to remote information
 e.g. surfing www, arts, business, cooking,
health, gov., hobbies, recreation, sports,
travel, etc. On-line news papers, selective
information, On-line digital libraries.
 Person-to-Person Communication
 Answer to 19th century telephone
 Instant messaging, chat rooms
 Newsgroups.
Introduction 8
Home Applications contd..
 Use ‘Peer-to-Peer’ model of communication
Figure 1.5 In peer-to-peer (Workgroup) system there are

Introduction no fixed clients and servers. 9
Peer-to-Peer Systems (e.g. Napster music service)
Strengths Weakness
Cost: Low. For small Performance: may be poor when

organization say 10 users, it is workstations or servers are
very cost-effective used, as the clients operate at
lower specifications.
Installation: Installation and Management: Each user is
management is simple as responsible for their own
compared to server-based machine. Management may be a
system problem if one user switches off
his m/c while another using
resources.
Security: Lack of security is
major problem.
Introduction 10
Home Applications contd..
 Interactive Entertainment
 Families sharing photos, movies, genealogical information, sharing
public domain music, multi-person on-line games
 Gambling over internet- roulette wheels, blackjack dealers
 Telephone calls over internet, internet radio, video phone
 Tele-learning, telemedicine,
 Video on demand, Interactive tv, interactive films, interactive game
playing
 e-commerce, e-flea markets (second hand), on-line auctioning
 Some forms of e-commerce: B2B, G2C, C2C, P2P
 Controlling home appliances through internet: refrigerators, vending
machines, tv, car, utility meters etc.
Introduction 11
Mobile Users
 Fixed wireless
 Mobile Wireless – laptops, PDA’s
 Portable offices – surf web, e-mail, fax, access to remote m/c
 fleet of trucks, taxis, delivery vehicles, repairpersons can keep contact with
home
 Military uses
 Wireless parking meters-accepts credit cards, reports to police on
expiration.
 Vending machine inventory
 Utility meter reading- electricity, gas, water
 m-commerce
 Merger of cell phones, PDA into tiny wireless computers using ‘WAP 2.0’
 Mobile maps, local weather forecasts, electronic wallet, etc.
Introduction 12
Negative impact of networking
 Social issues
 Newsgroups dealing with offensive topics
 Junk mails,
 Ethical issues
 Snooping, infringing privacy
 Political problems
 Employee rights
Introduction 13
Networks contd..
 Network: A network is a set of nodes or devices

connected by a communication link.
 Node can be a device capable of sending or/and
receiving data.
Three major advantages of computer networks:

 Resource Sharing (Hardware and Software)
 Information exchange
 Centralized administration and support
Introduction 14
Computer Network Types
 Computer networks can be broadly
classified based on the following two
parameters
 Geographical separation between nodes
 How resources are managed and administered
Introduction 15
Network types based on Geographical
separation between nodes
 Local Area Network (LAN)
 Metropolitan Network (MAN)
 Wide Area Network (WAN)
Introduction 16
Figure 1.19 Categories of networks
Introduction 17
Table 1.1 Classification of interconnected processors by scale.
Introduction 18
Networks – categories contd..
 Local Area Network (LAN) – Usually privately owned
and links the nodes in a single office, building, or campus.
Designed mainly for resource sharing, and configured as a
client-server model. LANs are distinguished by three
charcteristics:
1) their size
2) their transmission technology
3) their topology.
 Traditionally LANs have data rates between 4 to 16 Mbps.

 However, 100 Mbps to Gigabits data rates are possible now.
 Technologies used: Ethernet, Token ring, FDDI
Introduction 19
Figure 1.20 LAN
Introduction 20
Figure 1.21 LAN (Continued)
Introduction 21
Networks – categories contd..
 Metropolitan Networks(MAN)- Designed to extend
over an entire city. Usually owned by a private
company or service provided by public company (e.g.
telecom)
 Connection of several LANs for the purpose of resource
sharing
 May be a single network such as a cable television network.
 Technologies used: SMDS (Switched Multi-megabit Data
Services), Distributed Queue Dual Bus(DQDB)
Introduction 22
Figure 1.22 MAN
Introduction 23
Figure 1..22b : A metropolitan area network based on cable TV
Introduction 24
Networks categories contd..
 Wide Area Network (WAN) – designed to
provide a long-distance transmission of data, voice,
image and video information over large geographic
areas that may comprise a country, a continent or
a whole world.
 WANs utilize public, leased or private or combination of
these communication equipment.
 WANs data rate is 4 to 16 Mbps
 If WANs are owned by a single company it is known as
enterprise network.
Introduction 25
LANs and WANs
 LANs transmit
data within
corporate sites
 WANs transmit
data between WAN
corporate sites
 Each LAN or
WAN is a single
network
Introduction 26
Figure 1.23 WAN
Introduction 27
The Internet
 Lower-case internet is any internet
 Upper-case Internet is the global
 Intranets
 Internal internet for use within an organization
 Based on the TCP/IP standards created for the Internet
 Extranets
 Connect multiple firms
 Only some computers from each firm are on the extranet
 Use TCP/IP standards
Introduction 28
Growth of the Internet
 Number of Hosts on 1000000000

the Internet:
100000000
Aug. 1981 213
10000000
Oct. 1984 1,024
Dec. 1987 28,174 1000000
Oct. 1990 313,000 100000
Oct. 1993 2,056,000 10000
Apr. 1995 5,706,000 1000
Jul. 1997 19,540,000
100
Jul. 1999 56,218,000
10
Jul. 2001 125,888,197
Jul. 2002 162,128,493 1
1981 1984 1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002
Introduction 29
Recent Growth (1991-2002)
Introduction 30
Figure 1.16 Internet today
Introduction 31
Network types based on how resources are managed
 Peer-to-Peer Network (Workgroup)
 Server - based network (Client-Server

Network)
Introduction 32
Peer-to-peer network (Workgroup)
 In a Workgroup network, the networked

computers act as equal partners, or peers to each
other. As peers, each computer can take on the
client function or the server function.
 Individual users control their own resources.
 They may decide to share certain files with other
users. They may also require passwords before
they allow others to access their resources.
Introduction 33
Workgroup (Peer-to-Peer)
 A Workgroup has not dedicated server (s) to track

users and such, it's all done via each client
machine on the LAN, this includes shared objects
and user logons. Advantage, cheaper to run and
maintain as you only need machines running in
the same workgroup to be called a workgroup
Introduction
Advantages and Disadvantages of Workgroups
Advantages :
 Useful for small networks (10 or less computers)
 Very easy to setup
 No additional knowledge required
 No server required.
Disadvantages :
• Need to setup account and password on each and every machine.
• No easily scalable. If using more than 10 computers, the number of
accounts to set up increases a lot more
• More time required to setup for new users!
• If using file sharing, you may reach the 10 max simultaneous
connections limit
Introduction
Figure 1.1 Sharing Common Resources
Introduction 36
Server - based network (Client-Server
Network)
A Domain: is a specific NAME given to a

LAN that includes one or more Domain
Controllers (Servers). The advantage is
that you have a dedicated server to
log/track all users and shares via Active
Directory and you can also use this server
for other things such as a Mail server. The
disadvantage to this is the cost and
maintenance required to keep this
configuration running.
Client/Server Networks
 In a client/server
arrangement, network
services are located on a
dedicated computer called
a server, which responds to
the requests of clients.
 The server is a central
computer that is
continuously available to
respond to a client requests
for file, print, application,
and other services.
Introduction
Client/Server Networks
 The distribution of
functions in client/server
networks brings substantial
advantages, but it also
incurs some costs.
 Although the aggregation
of resources on server
systems brings greater
security, simpler access
and coordinated control,
introduces a single point of
failure into the network.
Introduction
Advantages and Disadvantages of Domains
Advantages
1. One location for all user accounts, groups and
computers, passwords are same for all computers.
2. Easier and quicker to maintain
3. Scales easier if you add more users and computers
Disadvantages
1. Requires a Network Operating System
2. Complex to set up
3. Very Expensive to implement
Introduction
 Use ‘client-server’ model of communication
Figure 1.2 A network with two clients and one server

Introduction 41
Business Applications contd..
Figure 1.3 The client-server model involves requests and replies.

Strengths Weakness
Performance: High performance due to optimized support to clients. Cost: High. Client licenses need to be purchased
Security: High security at server level, backup facility Complexity: Administrators may face complex problems.
Administration: Easier centralized administration
Scalability: Wide organization sizes

Introduction 42
Overview
Data Communications
and
Networking
43
An overview of data communication and networking
Introduction
Figure 1.6 Overview of data communications and networking 44
Data Communication
 Data communication is the exchange of data
between two devices via some form of
transmission medium.
 Three characteristics of data communication:
 Delivery – deliver data to correct destination
 Accuracy- deliver data accurately
 Timeliness – deliver data in a timely manner
Introduction 45
Data Communication contd..
Components
Data Representation
Direction of Data Flow
Introduction 46
 Components of a data communication
 Message – information to be communicated
 Sender – device that sends data message
 e.g. PC, workstation, telephone handset, video camera etc.
 Receiver – device that receives the message
 e.g. PC, workstation, telephone handset, tv , etc.
 Medium – physical path by which message travels from
sender to receiver
 e.g. twisted-pair, coaxial cables, fiber-optic cables, radio waves
 Protocol – is a set of rules that govern data communications.
 Agreement between communicating devices
Introduction 47
Figure 1.7 Five components of data communication
Introduction 48
 Data Representation
 Text – represented as a bit pattern – coding
 ASCII – American Standard Code for Information Interchange – uses
7 bits
 Extended ASCII – uses 8bits. An extra 0 as a MSB and ASCII code.
 Unicode – Uses 16 bits to represent several languages which includes
graphical symbol and special symbols.
 ISO –International Organization for Standards designed a 32 bit code
 Images- matrix of pixels .Each pixel may be needs 1 or more than
1 bit to represent. RGB color uses 8 bits per pixel per color.
 Audio – continuous signals are converted into digital format
 Video – signals may be continuous or discrete, converted into
digital format
Introduction 49
 Direction of Data Flow
 Simplex – Only one device can transmit at a time
 e.g., keyboard, monitor, tv broadcast
 Half-duplex- Either device can transmit, but only
one at a time.
 e.g., walkie-talkie, Citizen Band(CB) radios
 Full-duplex- Both devices can transmit by sharing
the medium
 e.g., telephones
Introduction 50
Figure 1.8 Simplex
Introduction 51
Figure 1.9 Half-duplex
Introduction 52
Figure 1.10 Full-duplex
Introduction 53
1.2 Networks
Network Criteria
Categories of Networks
Introduction 54
1.4 Protocols and Standards
Protocols
Standards
Standards Organizations
Internet Standards
Introduction 55
Protocols
 A protocol is an agreement between two communicating
parties on how communication is to proceed (Or), protocol is
a set of rules that governs data communications between
two entities that are capable of sending and receiving
information.
 A protocol defines-
 what is communicated
 how it is communicated
 when it is communicated.
 Peers are entities comprising the corresponding layers on

different machines.
Introduction 56
Protocols contd..
 The key elements of protocol are:
 Syntax – refers to the structure or format of the data.
 Semantics – refers to the meaning of each section of bits

communicated.
 Timing – refers to two characteristics:

 (i) what should be sent, and
 (ii) how fast they can be sent
Introduction 57
Standards
 Standards –are protocols adopted by vendors and
manufacturers. These are guidelines to network device
manufacturers, vendors, gov. agencies, and other service
providers to maintain inter-connectivity and interoperability
at national and international communications.
 De facto standards –are those standards not approved by a

organized body but have been adopted as standard through
widespread usage (e.g. TCP/IP model)
 De jure standards –are those standards which have been

legislated by an officially recognized body (e.g. ISO’s OSI)
Introduction 58
Standard Organizations

Standards Creation Committees:

ISO (International Standards Organization) –is a multinational body whose membership is
drawn mainly from the standards creation committees of various governments though out the
world. The ISO is active in developing cooperation in the realms of scientific, technological, and
economic activity.
 ANSI (American National Standards Institute) –is a private, nonprofit corporation affliated
to U.S. federal govt. However, all ANSI activities are undertaken with the welfare of the US and its
citizens occupying primary importance.
 ITU-T (International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication Standards Sector)

–is formerly known as CCITT formed by United Nations to establish and maintain standards for
telecommunications in general and phone and data systems in particular. The name is changed in
the year of 1993, March 1st.
 IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering) –is the largest professional
engineering society in the world. Its role is to advance theory, creativity and product quality in the
field of electrical, electronic, and related fields. The scope of this organization is international. It
oversees the development and adoption of international standards for computing and
communications.
 EIA ( Electronic Industries Association) –aligned with ANSI, the EIA is a nonprofit
organization devoted to the promotion of electronics manufacturing concerns. In the field of IT it
has made significant contribution by defining physical connection interfaces and electronic
signaling specifications for data communication.
Introduction 59
REFERENCE MODELS
Network Software
60
Network Software PROTOCOL
HIERARCHIES
Layers -
The concept that network software is organized functionally into levels. A level on
one host talks to the same level on another host (its peer).
Protocol -
The protocol is the convention or standard that a layer uses to talk to the other
layer. An agreement or standard on the conversation.
Physical Medium -
Underneath the layers is the wire or
fiber or whatever.
Interface -
Defines the services that one layer
offers another (either up or down.)
Important to keep this simple and clean.
Important that each layer perform

specific actions.
Figure 1.34 Layered network
Introduction 61
PROTOCOL
HIERARCHIES
Introduction
Figure 1.35 The philosopher-translator-secretary architecture. 62
PROTOCOL
Network Software HIERARCHIES
Network architecture -
• A set of layers and protocols. It contains details on what happens in the layer and
what the layers says to its peer.
• Functional interfaces and implementation details are not part of the spec, since
that's not visible outside the machine.
Protocol stack -
• A list of protocols used by a
system, one protocol per layer.
Information flow -
• "Send_to_peer" rather than
"call_next_layer_down".
Figure 1.36 Example of information flow supporting virtual connection in Layer 5

Introduction 63
Reference Models
 There are two competing models distinguished by

how the software is layered:
Opens System Interconnect (OSI) model
 TCP/IP model
Introduction 64
Reference Models Layering
Figure 1.37 Example of File transfer between two nodes
Introduction 65
Reference Models Headers, Data, and
Trailers
Encapsulation
Figure 1.38 (a) Headers, (b) Encapsulation
Introduction 66
Reference Models THE OSI
REFERENCE MODEL
OSI == Open Systems Interconnection
Developed by ISO == International

Standards Organization
Principles used to develop OSI Layering:

1. Need a layer for each different level of
abstraction.
2. Each layer performs a well defined
function.
3. Each layer should be standard-izable.
4. Layer boundaries should minimize data
flow across those boundaries.
5. The right number of layers - don't put too
many functions together, but not too
many layers either.
Figure 1.39 : The OSI model

Introduction 67
REFERENCE MODEL
Physical Layer -
Purpose -- Transmits raw bits across a medium.
Electrical -- Concerns are voltage, timing, duplexing, connectors, etc.
Data Link Layer -

Framing -- Breaks apart messages into frames. Reassembles frames into
messages.
Error handling -- solves damaged, lost, and duplicate frames.
Flow control -- keeps a fast transmitter from flooding a slow receiver.
Gaining Access -- if many hosts have usage of the medium, how is access arbitrated.
Introduction 68
REFERENCE MODEL
Network Layer -
Routing -- What path is followed by packets from source to destination. Can be
based on a static table, when the connection is created, or when each
packet is sent.
Congestion -- Controls the number packets in the subnet.
Accounting -- Counts packets/bytes for billing purposes.
Heterogeneity -- Interfacing so one type of network can talk to another.
Introduction 69
REFERENCE MODEL
Transport Layer -
Reliability-- Ensures that packets arrive at their destination. Reassembles out of
order messages.
Hides network -- Allows details of the network to be hidden from higher level layers.
Service Decisions -- What type of service to provide; error-free point to point,

datagram, etc.
Mapping -- Determines which messages belong to which connections.
Naming -- "Send to node xyzzy" must be translated into an internal address and
route.
Flow control -- keeps a fast transmitter from flooding a slow receiver.
Introduction 70
REFERENCE MODEL
Session Layer -
Sessions -- Provides services that span a particular message. For instance, a
login session could be logged.
Synchronization-- Provide way to subdivide a long mechanism for reliability.
Presentation Layer -
Prettiness -- Syntax and semantics of information transmitted. Understands the
nature of the data being transmitted. Converts ASCII/EBCDIC, big
endian/little endian
Application Layer -
Interfacing -- Terminal type translation.
File transfer -- Programs able to understand directory structures and naming
conventions and map them onto various systems.
Introduction 71
Data Transmission in the OSI Model - REFERENCE MODEL
Figure 1.40: Data transmission in OSI model

Introduction 72
Reference Models THE TCP/IP
REFERENCE MODEL
Used in the Arpanet and in the Internet. Common mechanism that is gaining
on/surpassing the OSI Model.
Host to Network Layer -

This lowest level is not defined in
this model. Various
mechanisms abound.
Internet Layer -
Connector -- Provides packet
switched connectionless
service.
Routing -- The IP (Internet
Protocol) does delivery and
congestion control.
Figure 1.41: Comparison of OSI and TCP model
Introduction 73

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Data Communication and

Figure 1.4 Mail services

Figure 1.5 In peer-to-peer (Workgroup) system there are

Cost: Low. For small Performance: may be poor when

 Network: A network is a set of nodes or devices

Three major advantages of computer networks:

 Centralized administration and support

 Metropolitan Network (MAN)

 Wide Area Network (WAN)

 Traditionally LANs have data rates between 4 to 16 Mbps.

 Number of Hosts on 1000000000

 Peer-to-Peer Network (Workgroup)

 Server - based network (Client-Server

 In a Workgroup network, the networked

 A Workgroup has not dedicated server (s) to track

A Domain: is a specific NAME given to a

Figure 1.2 A network with two clients and one server

Figure 1.3 The client-server model involves requests and replies.

Administration: Easier centralized administration

Scalability: Wide organization sizes

Direction of Data Flow

 Peers are entities comprising the corresponding layers on

 Syntax – refers to the structure or format of the data.

 Semantics – refers to the meaning of each section of bits

 Timing – refers to two characteristics:

 De facto standards –are those standards not approved by a

 De jure standards –are those standards which have been

 ITU-T (International Telecommunication Union-Telecommunication Standards Sector)

Important to keep this simple and clean.

Important that each layer perform

Figure 1.36 Example of information flow supporting virtual connection in Layer 5

 There are two competing models distinguished by

Opens System Interconnect (OSI) model

Figure 1.37 Example of File transfer between two nodes

Figure 1.38 (a) Headers, (b) Encapsulation

OSI == Open Systems Interconnection

Developed by ISO == International

Principles used to develop OSI Layering:

Figure 1.39 : The OSI model

Data Link Layer -

Accounting -- Counts packets/bytes for billing purposes.

Heterogeneity -- Interfacing so one type of network can talk to another.

Service Decisions -- What type of service to provide; error-free point to point,

Figure 1.40: Data transmission in OSI model

Host to Network Layer -

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