Chapter 2: Physical Layer

Chapter 2: Physical Layer
Multiplexing
• It is the set of techniques that allows the simultaneous transmission of
multiple signals across a single data link.
• Multiplexing is done using a device called Multiplexer (MUX) that combine n
input lines to generate one output line i.e. (many to one).
• At the receiving end a device called Demultiplexer (DEMUX) is used that
separate signal into its component signals i.e. one input and several outputs
(one to many).
Advantages of Multiplexing
• More than one signals can be sent medium or link

• Effective use of the bandwidth of medium
Multiplexing vs. No Multiplexing
Types of Multiplexing
Synchronous TDM Asynchronous TDM

Frequency Division Multiplexing
• It is an analog technique.
• Signals of different frequencies are combined into a composite
signal and is transmitted on the single link.
• Bandwidth of a link should be greater than the combined
bandwidths of the various channels.
• Each signal is having different frequency.
• Channels are separated by the strips of unused bandwidth called
Guard Bands (to prevent overlapping).
FDM
Note
FDM is an analog multiplexing technique that combines analog signals.
It uses the concept of modulation discussed in Ch 5.
Applications of FDM
 FDM is used for FM & AM radio broadcasting.
 AM frequency = 530 to 1700 kHz.
 FM frequency = 88 to 108 MHz.
 FDM is used in television broadcasting.
 First generation cellular telephone also uses FDM.
FDM, Time Domain
Demultiplexing, Time Domain
Demultiplexing, Frequency Domain
Wave Division Multiplexing
 WDM is an analog multiplexing technique.
 Working is same as FDM.
 In WDM different signals are optical or light signals that are transmitted through
optical fiber.
 Various light waves from different sources are combined to form a composite light
signal that is transmitted across the channel to the receiver.
 At the receiver side, this composite light signal is broken into different light waves by
Demultiplexer.
 This Combining and the Splitting of light waves is done by using a PRISM. Prism bends
beam of light based on the angle of incidence and the frequency of light wave.
Wave Division Multiplexing…
Note
WDM is an analog multiplexing technique to combine optical signals.
Time Division Multiplexing
 It is the digital multiplexing technique.

 Channel/Link is not divided on the basis of
frequency but on the basis of time.
 Total time available in the channel is divided between several users.
 Each user is allotted a particular time interval called time slot or slice.
 In TDM the data rate capacity of the transmission medium should be
greater than the data rate required by sending of receiving devices.
Note
TDM is a digital multiplexing technique for combining several low-rate digital

channels into one high-rate one.
TDM
ISDN
• ISDN stands for Integrated Services Digital Network. It’s a set of
communication standards that uses digital transmission to make
phone calls, video calls, transmit data and other network services
over the circuits of the traditional PSTN (Public Switched Telephone
Network).
ISDN network
Types of ISDN
• Narrowband ISDN
– uses data transmission speed upto 64 kbps using circuit switching technology
– Narrowband ISDN provides 144kbps and 2.048Mbps data rates.
• Broadband ISDN (B-ISDN)
– It supports very high data rate (in range of 100 mbps)
– It uses packet switching orientation
– It uses 2B/1Q digital coding
– It uses Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) technology
– Broadband ISDN provides 155.52Mbps and 622.08Mbps data rates.
• The objectives of the activities for developing a worldwide ISDN
are:
• Standardization
• Transparency
• Leased and switched services
• Smooth migration
• Multiplexed support
Standardization
• To provide access to the network.
• Movable ISDN-standard equipment and use of layered protocol.
• To allow users to select equipment from multiple suppliers.
Transparency
• Digital transmission service is independent of the contents of data.
• Users can develop new applications and protocols.
• User provided encryption methods can be employed simply.

Leased and switched services
• ISDN should provide both leased and switched services.
• To allow users to optimize on the basis of cost and performance.
Benefits of ISDN
• The principle benefits of ISDN to the customers can be expressed
in terms of cost saving, flexibility and speed.
• Integrated voice and data means that the user does not have to
buy multiple services to meet multiple needs.
– Access charges are made to a single access line only.
– Purchasing services based on actual needs.
– Product diversity, low price and wide availability of equipment.
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
• It is an International Telecommunication Union- Telecommunications Standards Section (ITU-T) efficient
for call relay and it transmits all information including multiple service types such as data, video or voice
which is conveyed in small fixed size packets called cells
• ATM stands for Asynchronous Transfer Mode. It is a switching technique that uses time division
multiplexing (TDM) for data communications.
• ATM networks are connection oriented networks for cell relay that supports voice, video and data
communications. It encodes data into small fixed - size cells so that they are suitable for TDM
and transmits them over a physical medium.
• The size of an ATM cell is 53 bytes: 5 byte header and 48 byte payload. There are two different
cell formats - user-network interface (UNI) and network-network interface (NNI). The below
image represents the Functional Reference Model of the Asynchronous Transfer Mode.
Voice ATM Adaptation Layers
A/D AAL
s1 , s2 … cells
Digital voice samples
Video
A/D … Compression AAL

cells
compressed
picture frames
frames
Data AAL
Bursty variable-length cells
packets
27
ATM Protocol Architecture
• ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) – the protocol for packaging data into cells
is collectively referred to as AAL.
• Must efficiently package higher level data such as voice samples, video
frames and datagram packets into a series of cells.
Design Issue: How many adaptation layers should there be?
Management plane
Plane management
Control plane User plane
Layer management
Higher layers Higher layers
ATM adaptation layer
ATM layer
Physical layer
ATM reference model comprises of three layers
• Physical Layer − This layer corresponds to physical layer of OSI model. At this layer, the cells are converted into bit streams and
transmitted over the physical medium. This layer has two sub layers: PMD sub layer (Physical Medium Dependent) and TC
(Transmission Convergence) sub layer.
• ATM Layer −This layer is comparable to data link layer of OSI model. It accepts the 48 byte segments from the upper layer, adds a
5 byte header to each segment and converts into 53 byte cells. This layer is responsible for routing of each cell, traffic
management, multiplexing and switching.
• ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) −This layer corresponds to network layer of OSI model. It provides facilities to the existing packet
switched networks to connect to ATM network and use its services. It accepts the data and converts them into fixed sized
segments. The transmissions can be of fixed or variable data rate. This layer has two sub layers − Convergence sub layer and
Segmentation and Reassembly sub layer.
• ATM endpoints − It contains ATM network interface adaptor. Examples of endpoints are workstations, routers, CODECs, LAN
switches, etc.
• ATM switch −It transmits cells through the ATM networks. It accepts the incoming cells from ATM endpoints (UNI) or another
switch (NNI), updates cell header and retransmits cell towards destination.
Benefits of ATM Networks are
•It provides the dynamic bandwidth that is particularly suited for bursty traffic.
•Since all data are encoded into identical cells, data transmission is simple, uniform and
predictable.
•Uniform packet size ensures that mixed traffic is handled efficiently.
•Small sized header reduces packet overload, thus ensuring effective bandwidth usage.
•ATM networks are scalable both in size and speed.
Cellular radio
A cellular phone is a telecommunication device that uses radio waves over a networked area
(cells) and is served through a cell site or base station at a fixed location, enabling calls to transmit
wirelessly over a wide range, to a fixed landline or via the Internet.
Cellular radio systems supply the high-mobility, wide-ranging, two-way wireless voice
communications.
Cellular phone can be connected to the telephone system using radio waves.
Cellular radio system created at the end of the 70s and fully implemented in 1980 is known as
Advance Mobile Phone service (AMPS).
DEFINING
Radio communication based on a network of transmitters each serving a

small area known as a cell: used in personal communications systems in
which the mobile receiver switches frequencies automatically as it
passes from one cell to another.
PRINCIPLES
 The sender and receiver where it divided the services to the smaller region is
cell.
 Each cell consists of receiver and sender with low power is called Radio Base
Station(RBS).
Each cell is connected by the telephone lines or microwaves to main control

center is called Mobile Telephone Switching Office(MTSO)
BASIC COMPONENTS
(a)Unit mobile (b)MTSO (c)RBS

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Chapter 2: Physical Layer

• More than one signals can be sent medium or link

Synchronous TDM Asynchronous TDM

 It is the digital multiplexing technique.

TDM is a digital multiplexing technique for combining several low-rate digital

• User provided encryption methods can be employed simply.

A/D … Compression AAL

ATM adaptation layer

Radio communication based on a network of transmitters each serving a

Each cell is connected by the telephone lines or microwaves to main control

(a)Unit mobile (b)MTSO (c)RBS

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