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    Introduction To Biochemistry

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    Hamza
    Biochemistry is the study of the structure, properties, and changes of biomatter. It examines the molecules that make up living things like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. The document provides details on the basic components of cells like the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum. It also describes the four main types of macromolecules - carbohydrates which provide energy and structure, lipids which provide energy and make up membranes, proteins which act as catalysts and provide structure, and nucleic acids which store genetic information.

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    Introduction To Biochemistry

    Uploaded by

    Hamza
    19 views55 pages
    Biochemistry is the study of the structure, properties, and changes of biomatter. It examines the molecules that make up living things like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. The document provides details on the basic components of cells like the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum. It also describes the four main types of macromolecules - carbohydrates which provide energy and structure, lipids which provide energy and make up membranes, proteins which act as catalysts and provide structure, and nucleic acids which store genetic information.

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    introductiontobiochemistry

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    Biochemistry is the study of the structure, properties, and changes of biomatter. It examines the molecules that make up living things like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. The document provides details on the basic components of cells like the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum. It also describes the four main types of macromolecules - carbohydrates which provide energy and structure, lipids which provide energy and make up membranes, proteins which act as catalysts and provide structure, and nucleic acids which store genetic information.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    19 views55 pages

    Introduction To Biochemistry

    Uploaded by

    Hamza
    Biochemistry is the study of the structure, properties, and changes of biomatter. It examines the molecules that make up living things like carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. The document provides details on the basic components of cells like the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum. It also describes the four main types of macromolecules - carbohydrates which provide energy and structure, lipids which provide energy and make up membranes, proteins which act as catalysts and provide structure, and nucleic acids which store genetic information.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 55

    Introduction to biochemistry

    Definition of Biochemistry
    “Chemistry of Life”
    Living Things are composed of lifeless molecules
    Doesn’t fully take into account what chemistry is
    Biochemistry- Study of the structure, properties and
    changes of bio-matter
    What is Biochemistry
    Biochemistry is mother of different field in medicine

    1. Anatomy 1. Internal medicine


    2. Physiology 2. Surgery
    3. Pharmacology 3. Endocrinology
    4. Genetic 4. Dentistry
    5. Immunology 5. Psychology
    6. Bacteriology 6. Sociology
    7. Immunology 7. Nursing
    8. Parasitology
    Biomolecules - Elements
    C, H, O, N 99% of mass of most cells

    P, S
    Mg2+, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-
    Fe, Zn, Mn, Co, Cu
    Biomolecules - Macromolecules
    1. Carbohydrates- made up mostly
    of 7 monosaccharides
    2. Proteins - 5  106, made up of 20
    amino acids
    3. Nucleic Acids - 1,000, made up of 4
    nucleotides
    4. Lipids
    Water
    • 70% of most organisms
    • polar
    • favors solubility
    • directionality holds macromolecules in given
    conformations
    Water

    • hydrogen bond
    • half-life < 1/1,000,000 sec
    • holds water together without being viscous
    • high specific heat
    • colligative properties
    • weakly ionizable
    Sizes of living things
    Cell Structure
    Cell Membrane
    • Appears as 3 layers by EM
    • 7.5-10 nm thick
    • “Unit membrane”

    These three things are explained on


    a molecular level as a
    phospholipid bilayer
    Function: osmotic barrier
    Present in all cells
    Further consideration in lipid
    material.
    Nucleus
    • Bounded by a porous
    nuclear membrane
    Function: contain DNA
    Present in all eukaryotic
    cells
    • 1 per cell
    • Often 1-4 nucleoli
    The nucleus and the nuclear envelope
    Cell Wall & cell membrane
    Thick, tough wall
    Function: rigidity
    Present in plant
    and prokaryotic
    cells
    Animal cell anatomy
    Plant cell anatomy
    Mitochondria
    • Shape varies, size varies
    • 500-2,000 per cell
    Mitochondria
    Function: “powerhouse of the cell”
    Present in all eukaryotic cells
    Structure: compartments
    Further consideration in
    metabolism.
    Endoplasmic Reticulum
    Rough and Smooth
    Phospholipid bilayer surrounding a lumen ± ribosomes
    Function: protein synthesis (rough) lipid synthesis (smooth)
    Present in all eukaryotic cells (lots)
    Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
    Surface looks rough because of the presence of ribosomes,
    another organelle (present in all cells)
    Golgi Apparatus
    Historically cis, medial and
    trans:trans-golgi network
    Function: protein processing
    and secretion
    Present in all eukaryotic cells
    (lots)
    Lysosomes
    • About as big as a
    mitochondrion
    •not much to see
    Function: degradation of
    proteins
    Present in animal cells, plant
    cells have similar organelle
    called peroxisome
    Number per cell varies
    enormously
    Chloroplasts
    • Stacks of “grana”
    • grana composed of
    thylakoid disks
    Function: photosynthesis
    Present in
    photosynthetic
    cells
    50-200 per cell
    Cytoplasm
    Aqueous, solute-containing contents within the plasma
    membrane
    Contains soluble proteins, salts, organelles
    Cytosol- is the supernate of a centrifugation process
    Microtubules
    • Polymer of a protein called actin
    • Gives shape to cell, also functions in transport
    around the cell
    4 classes of macromolecules

     Carbohydrates: Energy,
    structure
     Lipids: Energy,
    membranes
     Proteins: Catalysts, structure,
    etc.
     Nucleic Acids: Information
    Macromolecules: Carbohydrates

    Glucose isomers
    Macromolecules: Carbohydrates

    Carbohydrates
    Polymerization

    glucose fructose sucrose


    Making & breaking polymers
    Storage polysaccharides

    starch

    glycogen
    Cellulose: A structural polysaccharide
    Chitin: a structural polysaccharide
    Fatty acids &
    triacylglycerol
    Cholesterol:
    a steroid
    Polar & charged amino acids
    Nonpolar amino acids
    Macromolecules: Proteins
    Structural proteins
    Protein Structure: 4 Levels

     Primary
     Secondary
     Tertiary
     Quaternary
    Primary structure of protein:

    lysozyme
    Amino Acid Structure

    R is different for different amino acids.


    Polymerization
    peptide
    bond
    formation
    Primary structure of protein:

    Primary structure is due to strong


    covalent peptide bonds joining amino
    acids together.
    lysozym
    Secondary structure:
    of amino acids
    repetitively to discrete
    shape.

    lysozyme
    Secondary structure:
    of amino acids
    repetitively to discrete
    shape.

    due to hydrogen
    bonds between
    amino acids’
    backbones.

    lysozyme
    Tertiary
    structure:
    the overall 3-d
    conformation of
    a polypeptide.

    lysozyme
    Tertiary
    structure
    involves several
    kinds of bonds.
    Tertiary Structure
    Most proteins are
    hydrophilic outside,
    hydrophobic
    inside.
    Macromolecules: Nucleic Acids

    Deoxyribonucleic
    Acid
    Nucleic Acids are Polymers

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