RELATIONS, FUNCTIONS AND

GRAPHS
 OBJECTIVES

At the end of the lesson, the student is expected to be able to:

• distinguish functions and relations

• identify domain and range of a function/relation
• evaluate functions/relations
• perform operation on functions/relations
• graph functions/relations
 Relations and Functions

Relation

• is referred to as any set of ordered pair.

• conventionally, It is represented by the ordered pair ( x , y ).

• x is called the first element or x-coordinate while y is the

second element or y-coordinate of the ordered pair.
Function

• a set of ordered pairs in which no two ordered pairs have the

same first coordinate and different second coordinates

• every function is a relation, not every relation is a function

• it may have ordered pairs with the same second coordinate

 One-to-one and many-to-one functions

Consider the following graphs

3
y  x 1 y  sin x 

and

Each value of x maps to only one Each value of x maps to only one
value of y . . . value of y...
and each y is mapped from only BUT many other x values map to
one x. that y.
 Consider the following graphs

y  x 1 3 y  sin x 

and

y  x 3
 1is an example of a one-to- y  sin x is an example of a many-to-
one function
one function

One-to-many is NOT a function. It is just a relation. Thus a

function is a relation but a relation could never be a function.
•   whether the relation defines y as a function of x.
State

1. 36
 Domain and Range

Domain

• is the set of all the first coordinates of the ordered pair

Independent Variable

• is the variable that represents elements of the domain

Range

• Is the set of all the second coordinates

Dependent Variable

• Is the variable that represents elements of the range

•  
Determine the domain and range of the following functions.
1. A
 Function Notation

•• Functions
  can be named by using a letter or combination of
letters, such as, .

• If is an element of the domain of , then , which is read of or

“the value of at ”, is the element in the range of that
corresponds to the domain of .

• The notation “” means the name of the function while the

notation “ means the value of the function at .
 Evaluation of Functions

•   To evaluate a function, replace the independent variable with

a number in the domain of the function and then simplify the
resulting numerical expression.

Example 1:
Let and evaluate:
•  
Example 2:
Let , find

Example 3:
Let , find
 Piecewise – defined Functions

•• These
  are functions represented by more than one
expression.

Example:
•  
Evaluate the following piecewise-defined functions.
1. Given: ,
Find each of the following
a. b. c. d.

2. Given: ,
Find each of the following
a. b. c.
 DEFINITION: ABSOLUTE VALUE FUNCTION

Recall that the absolute value or magnitude of a real number

is defined by
 x, if x0
x 
 x , if x0

Properties of absolute value:

1.  a  a A number and its negative have the same absolute value
2. ab  a b The absolute value of a product is the product of the absolute values
a a
3.  , b  0 The absolute value of a ratio is the ratio of the absolute values
b b
4. a  b  a  b The triangle ineaquality
 Thegraph of the function can be obtained by graphing the two
parts of the equation

separately. Combining the two parts produces the V-shaped graph.

It may help to generate the graph of absolute value function by
expressing the function without using absolute values.
Example:
•  
1. Define g(x) = |x| as a piecewise defined function and
evaluate g(-2), g(0) and g(2).

2. Define H(x) as a piecewise defined function and evaluate

H(1), H(2), H(3), H(0) and H(-2) given by .
 Algebra of Functions
•  
Definitions of Operations on Functions
If and are functions with domains and , then we define
a. The Sum
Domain:
b. The Difference
Domain:
c. The Product
Domain:
d. The Quotient
Domain:
•  
Example 1:
Let and . Find the following and the domain of the resulting
functions:
a. b.
c. d.
e.

Example 2:
Let and . Evaluate the following:
a. b. c.
 Composition of Functions
•• Composition
  of functions is another way in which functions
can be combined.

• This method of combining functions uses the output of one

function as the input for a second function.

Definition of the Composition of Two Functions

Let and be two functions such that is in the domain of for
all in the domain of . Then the composition of the two functions,
denoted by , is the function whose value at is given by .
•  
Example 1:
Consider the functions and . Find a. b.

Example 2:
Evaluate each composite function where , , and .
a. b.
c. d.
e.
f. Show that
g. Show that
•  
Example 3:
A water tank has the shape of a right circular cone with height 10
feet and radius 5 feet. Water is running into the tank so that the
radius (in feet) of the surface of the water is given by , where is
the time (in minutes) that the water has been running.
a. The area of the surface of the water is . Find and use it to
determine the area of the surface of the water when
minutes.
b. The volume of the water is given by Find and use it to
determine the volume of water when minutes.
 Inverse Functions
•  
Definition of an Inverse
If the ordered pairs of a function are the ordered pairs of a
function with the order of the coordinates reversed, then is the
inverse function of .

Properties of Inverse Functions

1. If f is a one – to – one function, then exists.

2. Domain and range

- Domain of f = range of
- Domain of = range of f
• Composition
3.   of inverse functions
for all x in the domain of f
for all x in the domain of

4. The graphs of are symmetric with respect to the line .

•  
Steps for finding the Inverse of a Function
To find the equation of the inverse of the one-to-one
function , follow these steps.
1. Substitute for .
2. Interchange and .
3. Solve, if possible, for in terms of .
4. Substitute for .
•  
Examples: Find the inverse of the following one-to-one
functions. Find the domain and range.

1.
2. ,

Inverse of a function with a Restricted Domain

Example: Find the inverse of , where the domain of is .
 LINEAR AND QUADRATIC
FUNCTIONS AND ITS GRAPHS
 Linear Functions

Slope of a Line  
• A function can be written in the form is called a linear
function because its graph is a straight line.

• Graphs of linear functions are characterized by having a

constant rise or fall. This rise or fall is called slope.
- positive (+) slope, the y-value is increasing as x increases
(line inclined to the right).
- negative (-) slope, the y-value is decreasing as x increases
(line inclined to the left).
 Slope of a Line

•  
Definition of the Slope of a Nonvertical Line

The of the line passing through the points and with is given
Parallel and Perpendicular Lines
 
• If two lines are parallel their slopes are equal.

• If two lines are perpendicular the slope of one of the

line is the negative reciprocal of the slope of the other
line.

• If m1 is the slope of L1 and m2 is the slope of L2 then, or

y y
 
 
   

 
     

       
x

   

 
 
Examples:
1. Find the slope, m, of the lines through each of the following
pair of points.
a. (-8, -4) and (5, 9)
b. (10, -3) and (14, -7)
c. (-9, 3) and (2, -4).

2. The line segment drawn from (x, 3) to (4, 1) is perpendicular

to the segment drawn from (-5, -6) to (4, 1). Find the value
of x.
3. Show that the triangle whose vertices are A(8, -4),
B(5, -1) and C(-2,-8) is a right triangle.

4. Find y if the slope of the line segment joining (3, -2) to

(4, y) is -3.

5. Show that the points A(-3, 0), B(-1, -1) and C(5, -4) lie
on a straight line.

 
 
 Equation of a Straight Line

•   Equation of a Line
General

where .
From

(Slope-Intercept Form)
Then and
•  
Horizontal and Vertical Lines

• The graph of is a vertical line through . The slope of the line is

undefined.

• The graph of is a horizontal line through . The slope of the

line is zero.
 Standard Equation of a Line

•  
Slope-Intercept Form

• the graph of is a line with slope and y-intercept

y
P (x, y)
m

B (0, b)

b
x
•  
Point-Slope Form

• The graph of is a line that has slope , and passes through (.

x
•  
Intercept Form
• The graph of is a line that passes through the points and
• is the x – intercept while is the y - intercept

B (0, b)

b-y P (x, y)
b

y
A (a, 0)
x
x a-x
a
•  
Two-Point Form
• The graph of is a line passes through and .

P2(x2, y2)
y

P (x, y)

P1(x1 , y1 )
x
Examples:
Find the general equation of the line:
a. through (2, -7) with slope 2/5

b. with slope 3 and y-intercept 2/3

c. passing through (4, -5) and (-6, 3)

d. with x-intercept of 4 and y-intercept of -6

e. with slope 1/3 and passing through (5, -3)

f. passing through (-2, -7) and has its intercepts numerically equal
but of opposite signs

g. passing through (2, -3) and parallel to the line passing through
(4,1) and (-2,2).

h. passing through point (-2,3) and perpendicular to the line

2x – 3y + 6 = 0
 Quadratic Functions
•  
• A quadratic function can be represented by the equation
,
where and are real numbers and .

• The standard form of a quadratic function can be written as .

• The graph is a parabola with vertex .

•  
Parabola

• The coordinates of the vertex of the parabola are .

• The equation of the axis of symmetry is .

• The parabola opens up when and opens down when .

•  
Minimum and Maximum of a Quadratic Function

• If , then the graph of opens up and the vertex is the lowest

point on the graph; is the minimum value of the function.

• If , then the graph of opens down and the vertex is the

highest point on the graph; is the maximum value of the
function.
•  
 Even and Odd Functions

The term even is used to describe functions that are symmetric

with respect to the y – axis , or vertical axis.

The term odd is used to describe functions that are symmetric

with respect to the origin.

Function Symmetric with On Replacing x

respect to with (– x)

Even Y –axis or vertical axis

Odd origin
•  
Examples:
Determine whether the functions are even, odd or neither.
 Graph of a Function

 • If is a function, then its graph is the set of all points in the two-
dimensional plane for which is an ordered pair in .

• One way to graph a function is by point plotting.

• We can also find the domain and range from the graph of a
function.
•  
Examples:
I. Graph each of the following functions. Determine the domain
and range.

1. 2.

3. 4.

5. 6.

7. 8.
 Graph of piecewise defined function

The graph of a piecewise function consists of separate functions.

Example: Graph each piecewise function.

 
 Greatest Integer Function
(Floor Function)
•• This
  function is denoted by symbols such as and .
• The value of the greatest integer function of is the greatest
integer that is less than or equal to .
Examples:
1

2
•   the graph of
Sketch

0
0
1
1
2
2
ALGEBRAIC CURVES
OBJECTIVES:

At the end of the lesson, the student is

expected to be able to:

• define and describe the properties of algebraic

curves
• identify the intercepts of a curve
• test the equation of a curve for symmetry
• identify the vertical and horizontal asymptotes
• sketch algebraic curves
ALGEBRAIC CURVES

An equation involving the variables x and y is

satisfied by an infinite number of values of x and y,
and each pair of values corresponds to a point.
When plotted on the Cartesian plane, these points
follow a pattern according to the given equation
and form a definite geometric figure called the
CURVE or LOCUS OF THE EQUATION.
 The method of drawing curves by point-plotting is
a tedious process and usually difficult. The general
appearance of a curve may be developed by
examining some of the properties of curves.

PROPERTIES OF CURVES
The following are some properties of an algebraic
curve:
1. Extent
2. Symmetry
3. Intercepts
4. Asymptotes
1. EXTENT
The extent of the graph of an algebraic curve
involves its domain and range. The domain is the
set of permissible values for x and the range is the
set of permissible values for y.
Regions on which the curve lies and which is
bounded by broken or light vertical lines through
the intersection of the curve with the x-axis.
To determine whether the curve lies above
and/or below the x-axis, solve for the equation of y
or y2 and note the changes of the sign of the right
hand member of the equation.
2. SYMMETRY
Symmetry with respect to the coordinate axes
exists on one side of the axis if for every point of the
curve on one side of the axis, there is a
corresponding image on the opposite side of the axis.
Symmetry with respect to the origin exists if every
point on the curve, there is a corresponding image
point directly opposite to and at equal distance from
the origin.
Test for Symmetry

1. Substitute –y for y, if the equation is unchanged

then the curve is symmetrical with respect to the
x-axis.
2. Substitute –x for x, if the equation is unchanged
the curve is symmetrical with respect to the y-
axis.
3. Substitute – x for x and –y for y, if the equation is
unchanged then the curve is symmetrical with
respect to the origin.
Simplified Test for Symmetry

1. If all y terms have even exponents therefore the

curve is symmetrical with respect to the x-axis.
2. If all x terms have even exponents therefore the
curve is symmetrical with respect to the y-axis.
3. If all terms have even exponents therefore the
curve is symmetrical with respect to the origin.
3. INTERCEPTS
These are the points which the curve crosses the
coordinate axes.
a. x-intercepts – abscissa of the points at which the
curve crosses the x-axis.
b. y-intercepts – ordinate of the points at which the
curve crosses the y-axis.
Determination of the Intercepts
For the x-intercept For the y-intercept
a. Set y = 0 a. Set x = 0
b. Factor the equation. b. Solve for the values
c. Solve for the values of x. of y
4. Asymptotes
A straight line is said to be an asymptote of a curve
if the curve approaches such a line more and more
closely but never really touches it except as a limiting
position at infinity. Not all curves have asymptotes.

Types of Asymptotes
1. Vertical Asymptote
2. Horizontal Asymptote
3. Slant/Diagonal Asymptote
 
 
 
 
 
Steps in Curve Tracing
1. If the equation is given in the form of f( x, y) = 0,
solve for y (or y2) to express the equation in a
form identical with the one of the four general
types of the equation.
2. Subject the equation to the test of symmetry.
3. Determine the x and y intercepts.
4. Determine the asymptotes if any. Also determine
the intersection of the curve with the horizontal
asymptotes.
Note: The curve may intercept the horizontal
asymptotes but not the vertical asymptotes.
5. Divide the plane into regions by drawing light
vertical lines through the intersection on the x-
axis.
Note: All vertical asymptotes must be considered
as dividing lines.
6. Find the sign of y on each region using the
factored form of the equation to determine
whether the curve lies above and/or below the x-
axis.
7. Trace the curve. Plot a few points if necessary.
 
 REFERENCES

Analytic Geometry, 6th Edition, by Douglas F. Riddle

Analytic Geometry, 7th Edition, by Gordon Fuller/Dalton Tarwater
Analytic Geometry, by Quirino and Mijares
Polynomial Functions
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
At the end of the lesson, the student is expected to be able to:
• Determine the value of the function with the use of the
Remainder Theorem.
• Use the Factor Theorem to determine the factors of a
polynomial.
• Use Descartes’ Rule of Signs to determine the maximum
number of positive and negative roots of a polynomial
equation.
• Locate all possible rational roots/zeroes of a polynomial
equation.
• Approximate the graph of a polynomial function.
 
 
 
r  an a n 1   a 2 a1 a0
a n  2 ...
ra n . . . . . . .
___________________________________
an ra n  a n 1 . . . . remainder
 
 
Definition: The Roots/Zeroes of polynomials
If f(r) = 0 , then r is a zero/root/ solution of the polynomial
equation

That is, f(x) = (x-r) Q(x).

Remarks:
1. The Fundamental Theorem of Algebra states that every
polynomial equation has at least one root, which may be a real or a
complex number.
2. If f(x) is of degree n, then there will be n linear factors.
3. Every polynomial equation of degree n has exactly n roots.
4. Complex roots always occur in conjugate pairs, a+bi and a-bi.
5. If the coefficients of the equation
 
 
 
 
Graphing of Polynomial Functions
 
 
 
 
 REFERENCES

Algebra and Trigonometry with WileyPLUS Set,

3rd Edition, by Cynthia Young
College Algebra and Trigonometry, 7th Edition,
by Aufmann, Barker and Nation
Analytic Geometry, 6th Edition, by Douglas F. Riddle
Analytic Geometry, 7th Edition, by Gordon Fuller/Dalton Tarwater
Analytic Geometry, by Quirino and Mijares