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    Euler's Formula

    Uploaded by

    ayesha noor
    Euler's formula relates complex numbers to trigonometric functions using the expression e^iθ = cos(θ) + i*sin(θ). It allows complex numbers to be expressed geometrically on a complex plane with modulus and phase angle. Important cases are multiplying and conjugating phases. DeMoivre's theorem extends powers of complex numbers to non-integer exponents using Euler's formula. It can be used to find roots of complex numbers.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Euler's Formula

    Uploaded by

    ayesha noor
    370 views25 pages
    Euler's formula relates complex numbers to trigonometric functions using the expression e^iθ = cos(θ) + i*sin(θ). It allows complex numbers to be expressed geometrically on a complex plane with modulus and phase angle. Important cases are multiplying and conjugating phases. DeMoivre's theorem extends powers of complex numbers to non-integer exponents using Euler's formula. It can be used to find roots of complex numbers.

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    Euler's formula relates complex numbers to trigonometric functions using the expression e^iθ = cos(θ) + i*sin(θ). It allows complex numbers to be expressed geometrically on a complex plane with modulus and phase angle. Important cases are multiplying and conjugating phases. DeMoivre's theorem extends powers of complex numbers to non-integer exponents using Euler's formula. It can be used to find roots of complex numbers.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    370 views25 pages

    Euler's Formula

    Uploaded by

    ayesha noor
    Euler's formula relates complex numbers to trigonometric functions using the expression e^iθ = cos(θ) + i*sin(θ). It allows complex numbers to be expressed geometrically on a complex plane with modulus and phase angle. Important cases are multiplying and conjugating phases. DeMoivre's theorem extends powers of complex numbers to non-integer exponents using Euler's formula. It can be used to find roots of complex numbers.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 25

    Euler’s Formula

    Euler’s formula

    Example:

    The modulus of

    Some important cases:


    Complex Numbers, Phases
    Euler’s formula geometrically

    real axis

    phase angle

    imaginary axis
    Multiplying phases is beautiful:

    Conjugating phases is also beautiful:


    Complex Numbers, Geometry
    All complex numbers can be expressed as:

    real axis

    modulus, magnitude
    phase angle
    imaginary axis
    Complex Numbers, Geometry
    All complex numbers can be expressed as:

    Example:

    real axis
    Complex Numbers, Multiplying
    All complex numbers can be expressed as:

    It is easy to multiply complex numbers when they are in this form

    Example:
    DeMoivre’s Theorem
    81 81 3
    i
    2 2
    What if you wanted to perform the
    operation below?

    6  2 3i  4
    Theorem Finding Complex Roots

    roots
    Find the complex fifth roots of

    The five complex roots are:

    for k = 0, 1, 2, 3,4 .
    32  0i

    r a b
    2
     2
    32 2
     0 2
     322  32
    0
    1
      tan   tan 1 0  0
    32
    32 cos  0   i sin  0  

      0 360k   0 360k  
    5
    32 cos     i sin   
      5 5   5 5 
    2 cos  72k   i sin  72k  
    2 cos  72k   i sin  72k  

    k 0 2  cos  0   i sin  0    2  1  0i  2

    k 1 2 cos  72   i sin  72    .62  1.90i

    k 2 2 cos  144   i sin  144    1.62  1.18i

    k 3 2 cos  216   i sin  216    1.62  1.18i

    k 4 2 cos  288   i sin  288    .62  1.90i


    The roots of a complex number a cyclical in nature.

    That is, when the points are plotted on a polar plane or


    a complex plane, the points are evenly spaced around
    the origin
    Complex Plane

    -5 5

    -2

    -4
    6

    Polar plane

    5 5

    4
    6

    Polar plane

    5 5

    4
    6

    44

    22

    -5
    5 5

    -2
    2

    -4
    4
    To find the principle root, use DeMoivre’s theorem using
    rational exponents.

    That is, to find the principle pth root of


    1
    a  bi Raise it to the
    p
    power
    Example You may assume it is the principle root
    3
    Find i you are seeking unless specifically stated
    otherwise.
    First express i as a complex number in standard form.
    0i
    Then change to polar form r  a 2  b2 r 1
    b 1 1
    tan   tan     tan 1
      90
    a 0 0

    1 cos  90   i sin  90  


    1 cos  90   i sin  90  
    Since we are looking for the cube root, use DeMoivre’s Theorem
    and raise it to the 1 power
    3
    1
     1  1 
    1 cos  90   i sin  90  
    3

     3  3 
    1  cos  30   i sin  30  

     3 1 3 1
    1  i    i
     2 2 2 2
    Example:

    Find the 4th root of 2  i


    1
     2  i  4

    Change to polar form 5 cos  153.4   i sin  153.4  

    Apply DeMoivre’s Theorem


    1
     1 1 
    5  cos    153.4   i sin    153.4  
    4

     4 4 
    1.22 cos  38.4   i sin  38.4  

    .96  .76i

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