Topic 1 Stoichiometric Relationships

TOPIC 1
STOICHIOMETRIC
RELATIONSHIPS
1.2
THE MOLE CONCEPT
By: Merinda Sautel

Alameda Int’l Jr/Sr High School
Lakewood, CO
[email protected]
A chemical species may be an atom, a
molecule or an ion.
This is the same as using the terminology

that “particles” refer to atoms, molecules and
formula units. (Note that formula units are
made up of ions.)
The exact definition of a mole is the amount
of a substance that contains the same
number of chemical species as there are
atoms in exactly 12g of the isotope
carbon-12.
Avogadro’s constant (L) has the value
6.02x1023 particles per mole.
The mole is the chemist’s counting unit.
It contains 6.02 x 1023 particles of a
substance.
Example: 1 dozen = 12 of something
1 mole = 6.02 x 1023 of
something
What are species (particles)?
 Atoms – smallest species of an element
 Molecules – smallest species of a covalent cmpd
 Ions – smallest species of an ionic cmpd
When we want to count atoms or molecules,
we use Avogadro’s # as a conversion factor.
There are 6.02 x 1023 number of atoms in one
mole of an element.
There are 6.02 x 1023 number of molecules in
1 The relative atomic mass (Ar) is the
average mass of an atom, taking into
account the relative abundances of all the
naturally occurring isotopes of the element.
2 The relative molecular mass (Mr) of a
covalent or molecular compound is the sum
of all the atomic masses of the elements in
the compound.
3 The relative formula mass (Mf) of an ionic
compound is the sum of all the atomic
masses of the ions in the formula.
Notice that Ar, Mr and Mf have no units
because they are “relative” terms.
The mass of one mole of a species is
called the molar mass (M) and it has the
units of g/mol or g mol-1.
To calculate molar mass, add up the
atomic masses of the separate atoms
from the periodic table.
CO2 1-C = 1 x 12 = 12
2-O = 2 x 16 = 32
44 g/mol
CH4 1-C = 1 x 12 = 12
4-H = 4 x 1 = 4
16 g/mol
FIND THE FOLLOWING MOLAR MASSES
1. NaHCO3
2. Sr(CN)2
3. Al2(SO3)3
4. C12H22O11
5. (NH4)2CO3
Converting from moles to particles
or particles to moles
To convert from moles to particles or
particles to moles, use Avogadro’s number
as the conversion factor.
ATOMS
MASS PARTI
MOLECULES
(g) CLES
FORMULA UNITS
MULTIPLY BY
6.02X1023 PART
MOL
DIVIDE BY
6.02X1023 PART
MOL
MOLE
VOLUME
(L)
Mole/Particle Conversion Problems
 1. How many atoms are in 3.0 mol of Sn?
 2. How many formula units are in 0.40 mol KCl?
 3. How many molecules are in 7.50 mol SO2?
 4. How many formula units are in 4.80x10-3 mole NaI?
 5. How many moles are in 1.50x1023 molecules of NH3?
 6. How many moles are in 1.0x109 molecules of O2?
 7. How many moles are in 6.02x1023 molecules of Br2?
 8. How many moles are in 4.81x1024 atoms of Li?
Converting from moles to mass or
mass to moles
To convert from moles to mass or mass to
moles, use the molar mass as the
conversion factor.
ATOMS
MASS PARTI
MOLECULES
(g) CLES
FORMULA UNITS
MULTIPLY BY
MOLAR MASS
DIVIDE BY
MOLAR MASS
MOLE
VOLUME
(L)
MASS/MOLE CONVERSIONS
 1. What is the mass of 2.40 mol N2?
 2. How many moles is 5.00g H2?
 3. What is the mass of 3.32 mol K?
 4. How many moles is 11.0g CH4?
 5. What is the mass of 0.160 mol H2O2?
 6. How many moles is 847g (NH4)2CO3?
 7. What is the mass of 5.08 mol Ca(NO3)2?
 8. How many moles is 333g SnF2?
 9. What is the mass of 10.0 mol Cr?
 10. How many moles is 0.000264g Li2HPO4?
Empirical formula – the simplest whole
number ratio of the atoms it contains.
Molecular formula – multiple of the empirical

formula showing the actual number of atoms
of each element present.
Rules for empirical formula
1. Find the % composition.
2. Assume 100 g and convert %’s to g’s.
3. Convert the grams to moles by dividing
by the molar mass.
4. Divide all mole quantities by the smallest
number of moles found in step 3.
5. If the numbers found in step 4 are not
whole numbers, multiply by a factor to make
whole numbers.
Sample Problem
A hydrocarbon contains 85.7% by mass of carbon. What is
the empirical formula?
 Step 1: Find %’s
• 85.7 % C
• 100-85.7 = 14.3% H (Hydrocarbons contain H and C)
 Step 2: Convert to grams
• 85.7 g C
• 14.3 g H
 Step 3: Convert to moles
• 85.7 g C x mol/12.01 g C = 7.14 mol C
• 14.3 g H x mol/1.01 g H = 14.16 mol H
 Step 4: Divide by the smallest number of
moles.
• 7.14 mol / 7.14 mol = 1
• 14.16 mol / 7.14 mol = 1.98 = 2
 Step 5: The numbers in Step 4 are whole
numbers so this is the end of the problem.
• The empirical formula is CH2
Rules for molecular formula
1. Solve for empirical formula. (It may be
given to you or you may have to solve for it.)
2. Find the empirical molar mass.
3. Divide the given molecular or molar mass
by the empirical molar mass – this answer
should be a whole number.
4. Multiply the empirical formula by the
number found in step 3.
Sample problem
The compound with the empirical formula CH2 is analyzed
by a mass spectrometer and found to have a relative
molecular mass of 42.09. Deduce its molecular formula.
 Step 1: The empirical formula is CH2.
 Step 2: Find the empirical molar mass.
• CH2 has a molar mass of 14.03 g/mol.
 Step 3: Divide the given molar mass by the
empirical molar mass.
• 42.09 / 14.03 = 3
 Step 4: Multiply the empirical formula by the
number found in Step 3.
• (CH2)3 = C3H6
EMPIRICAL FORMULAS FROM
COMBUSTION
1. Sometimes you are not given the percentages, but
have to calculate them from a combustion problem.
2. The problems usually give you an amount of
original substance and amounts of CO2 and H2O that
are formed from the combustion reactions.
3. Make these assumptions:
 All of the carbon in the original sample is converted
completely to CO2.
 All of the hydrogen in the original sample is converted
completely to H2O.
EXAMPLE
You have a compound composed of carbon, hydrogen and
nitrogen. When .1156g of this compound is burned, .1638g
of CO2 and .1676g of H2O is produced. Determine the
empirical formula of the compound.

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TOPIC 1

By: Merinda Sautel

This is the same as using the terminology

Molecular formula – multiple of the empirical

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