Electric Machine: Magnetic Circuit

Electric Machine
Magnetic Circuit
By
Dr. Shorouk Ossama

References
Stephen J. Chapman, “Electric Machinery

Fundamentals”, 5th Edition, 2012.
•An Electrical Machine is a device that can
convert either mechanical energy to electrical
energy, it is called a Generator or electrical
energy to mechanical energy, it is called a
Motor.
•Almost all practical motors and generators
convert energy from one to another through
the action of a Magnetic Field.
•The Transformer is an electrical device that is
closely related to as electrical energy at
another voltage level.
•Electric motors in the: home run refrigerators,
freezers, vacuum cleaners, blenders, air
conditions, fans and mainly similar appliances.
Of course, generators are necessary to supply
the power used by all these motors.
Advantages For Using Electric
Machines
•Electric power is clean.
•Easy to transmit over long distances and easy to
control.
•An electric motor does not require constant
ventilation and fuel the way that an internal-
combustion engine does.
Chapter (1): Magnetic Circuit
•The Magnetic Fields are the fundamental mechanism
by which energy is converted from one to another.
1. A current-carrying wire produces a magnetic field in
the area around it.
2. A time-changing magnetic field induces a voltage in
a coil of wire if it passes through that coil. (This is
the basis of transformer action)
3. A current-carrying wire in the presence of a
magnetic field has a force induced on it. (This is the
basis of motor action)
4. A moving wire in the presence of a magnetic field
has a voltage induced in it. (This is the basis of
generator action)
Ampere’s Law
Where:
H is the magnetic field
intensity produced by the rectangular core
current I with a winding of
dl is a differential element of N turns of wire
length along the path of wrapped about
integration one leg of the
core.
•The current passing within the path of integration I is
the Ni.
•The relationship between the magnetic field intensity

H and the resulting magnetic flux density B produced
within a material is:
Where: H is magnetic field intensity (Amp-Turn/m)

μ is magnetic permeability of material (H/m)
B is resulting magnetic flux density produced
(webers per square meter Know as Tesla)
•The permeability of free space is called μ0, and
its value is:
μ0 = 4π x 10-7 H/m
•The permeability of any other material

compared to the permeability of free space is
called its relative permeability:
•The magnitude of the flux density is given by:
•The total flux in the core:
Where: A is the cross-sectional area of the core

Magnetic fields can be
visualized as lines of flux that
form closed paths.
Using a compass, we can

determine the direction of the
flux lines at any point.
Note that the flux density

vector B is tangent to the lines
of flux.
right-hand rule
Electric Circuit
•In a simple electric circuit: the voltage source
V drives a current I around the circuit through
a resistance R.
•The relationship between
these quantities is given by
Ohm’s law: V= I R
Magnetic Circuit
•In the magnetic circuit: The magneto motive
force of the magnetic circuit is equal to the
effective current flow applied to the core.
Where: F is the symbol for magneto

motive force (amperes-turns)
Analogue between a Dc Electric
Circuit and a Magnetic Circuit
Reluctance of a Magnetic Path
The magnetomotive force (mmf) of N-
turn current carrying coil is:
F  Ni
The reluctance R of a magnetic path
depends on the mean length l, the area
A, and the permeability μ of the material.
l
R
A
the relationship between
magnetomotive force and flux is:
•The equivalent reluctance of a number of
reluctances in series is just the sum of the
individual reluctances:
Req = R1 + R2 + R3 +…..
• Similarly, reluctances in parallel combine
according to the equation:
•The reluctance calculation assumes a certain

mean path length and cross sectional area
(csa) of the core.
ferromagnetic cores
• The core is just one block of ferromagnetic
material (mean the core is composed of iron
or certain other similar metals) with no
corners, for practical ferromagnetic cores
which have corners due to its design, this
assumption is not accurate.
•In ferromagnetic materials, the permeability

varies with the amount of flux already in the
material.
•Example 1:
A ferromagnetic core in figure. The depth of the core
(into the page) is 10 cm, and the other dimensions
are shown in the figure. There is a 200 turn coil
wrapped around the left side of the core. Assuming
relative permeability μr of 2500, how much flux will
be produced by a 1-Amp input current?
•The core can be divided into two regions:
(1) the single thinner side and (2) the other

three sides taken together. The magnetic
circuit corresponding to this core is:
•The mean path length of region (1) is 45, and
the cross-sectional area is 10 x 10 cm = 100
cm2. Therefore, the reluctance in the first
region is: 7.5 + 30 + 7.5
•The mean path length of region (2) is 130 cm,

and the cross-sectional area is 15 x 10 cm =
150 cm2. Therefore, the reluctance in the
second region is: (42.5 + 42.5 + 45)
•Therefore, the total reluctance in the core is:
Req = R1 + R2 = 14,300 + 27,600 =
41,900 A.truns/Wb
•The total magnetomotive force (mmf) is:

F = Ni = 200 turns x 1 Amp = 200 A.truns
•The total flux in the core is given by:

•Example 2:
A ferromagnetic core whose mean path length is 40 cm.
There is a small gap of 0.05 cm in the structure. The cross-
sectional area of the core is 12 cm2, the relative
permeability of the core is 4000, and the coil of wire on
the core has 400 turns. Assume that fringing in the air gap
increases the effective cross-sectional area of the air gap
by 5 percent. find (a) the total reluctance of the flux path
(iron plus air gap), and (b) the current required to produce
a flux density of 0.5 T in the air gap.
•The reluctance of the core is:
•The reluctance of the air gap is:
1.05 x 12 = 12.6
•Therefore, the total reluctance of the flux path
is:
Req = Rc + Ra = 66,300 + 27,600 = 382,300 A.truns/Wb
(b) The total magnetomotive force

(F = Ni , F = ΦR) & the flux (Φ = BA), so the
current is:
•Example 3:
A simplified rotor and stator for a dc motor. The mean
path length of the stator is 50 cm, and the cross-sectional
area is 12 cm2, The mean path length of the rotor is 5 cm,
and its cross-sectional area also may be assumed to be 12
cm2. Each air gap between the rotor and the stator is 0.05
cm wide, and the cross-sectional area of each air gap;
(including fringing) is 14 cm2. The iron of the core has a
relative permeability of 2000, and there are 200 turns of
wire on the core. If the current in the wire is adjusted to
be 1 Amp, what will the resulting flux density in the air
gap be?
•The reluctance of the stator is:
•The reluctance of the rotor is:

•The reluctance of air gap is:
•Therefore, the total reluctance of the flux path

is:
Req = Rs + Ra1 + Rr + Ra = 166,000 + 284,000 + 16,600 +

284,000 = 751,000 A.truns/Wb
•The total magnetomotive force applied to the
core is:
F = N i = 200 x 1 = 200 A.turns
•Therefore, the total flux in the core is:
•Finally, the magnetic flux density in the

motor’s air gap is:
Magnetic Behavior of
Ferromagnetic Materials
•The magnetic permeability was defined by the
equation:
•The permeability of ferromagnetic materials is
very high, up to 6000 times the permeability
of free space.
•When the flux produced in the core is plotted
versus the magnetomotive force the
Saturation Curve or a Magnetizing Curve.
•At first, a small increase in the magnetomotive
force produces a huge increase in the resulting
flux. After a certain point, though, further
increases in the magnetomotive force produce
relatively smaller increases in the flux; finally, an
increase in the magnetomotive force produces
almost no change at all.
•Example 4:
Find the relative permeability of the typical ferromagnetic
material whose Magnetizing Curve is shown in the figure
at (a) H = 50, (b) H = 100, (c) H = 500 and (d) H = 1000
A.turns/m.
•The permeability of a material is given by:
•And the relative permeability is given by:
H = 50 A.turns/m B = 0.25 T μ = 0.0050 H/m μr = 3980

•Example 5:
A square magnetic core has a mean path length of 55
cm and a cross-sectional area of 150 cm2. A 200-turn
coil of wire is wrapped around one leg of the core.
The core is made of a material having the Magnetizing
Curve shown in the figure.
•How much current is required to produce 0.012 Wb of
flux in the core?
•What is the core’s relative permeability at that
current level?
•What is its reluctance?
•The required flux density in the core is:
•From figure, the required magnetizing

intensity is: H = 115 A.turns/m.
•The magnetomotive force needed to produce
this magnetizing intensity is:
F = Ni = H lc = 115 x 0.55 = 63.25 A.turns
•So the required current is:
•The core’s permeability at this current is:
•Therefore, the relative permeability is:
•The reluctance of the core is:

Energy Losses In a Ferromagnetic Core
I increase Path ab Saturation Curve

I Falls Path bcd Hysteresis
Path dcdeb Hysteresis Loop
If a large magnetomotive force is first applied to the core and then removed,
the flux path in the core will be abc. When the magnetomotive force is
removed, the flux in the core does not go to Zero. Instead, a magnetic field is
left in the core. This magnetic field is called the residual flux in the core as
shown in the figure. To force the flux to Zero, an amount of
magnetomotive force known as the coercive magnetomotive force FC must
be applied to the core in the opposite direction.

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Electric Machine

Dr. Shorouk Ossama

Stephen J. Chapman, “Electric Machinery

•The relationship between the magnetic field intensity

Where: H is magnetic field intensity (Amp-Turn/m)

•The permeability of any other material

•The total flux in the core:

Where: A is the cross-sectional area of the core

Using a compass, we can

Note that the flux density

these quantities is given by

Where: F is the symbol for magneto

•The reluctance calculation assumes a certain

•In ferromagnetic materials, the permeability

(1) the single thinner side and (2) the other

•The mean path length of region (2) is 130 cm,

•The total magnetomotive force (mmf) is:

•The total flux in the core is given by:

•The reluctance of the air gap is:

(b) The total magnetomotive force

•The reluctance of the rotor is:

•Therefore, the total reluctance of the flux path

Req = Rs + Ra1 + Rr + Ra = 166,000 + 284,000 + 16,600 +

•Finally, the magnetic flux density in the

•And the relative permeability is given by:

H = 50 A.turns/m B = 0.25 T μ = 0.0050 H/m μr = 3980

•From figure, the required magnetizing

•The core’s permeability at this current is:

•Therefore, the relative permeability is:

•The reluctance of the core is:

I increase Path ab Saturation Curve

be applied to the core in the opposite direction.

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