THE SET OF REAL

NUMBERS (R)
Review of the Subsets of the
Real Number System
Objectives
• Identify the Subsets of the Set
of Real Numbers
• Make a Venn Diagram
representation of the Set of Real
Numbers
REAL NUMBERS (R)
Definition:
Definition:
REAL
REAL NUMBERS
NUMBERS ((R R))
-- Set
Set of
of all
all rational
rational and
and
irrational
irrational numbers.
numbers.
SUBSETS of R
Definition:
Definition:
RATIONAL
RATIONAL NUMBERS
NUMBERS ((Q Q))
-- numbers
numbers that
that can
can be
be expressed
expressed asas
aa quotient
quotient a/b
a/b,, where
where aa and
and bb are
are
integers.
integers.
-- terminating
terminating oror repeating
repeating decimals
decimals
-- Ex:
Ex: {1/2,
{1/2, 55/230,
55/230, -205/39}
-205/39}
SUBSETS of R
Definition:
Definition:
INTEGERS
INTEGERS ((Z Z))
-- numbers
numbers thatthat consist
consist of
of
positive
positive integers,
integers, negative
negative
integers,
integers, and
and zero,
zero,
-- {…,
{…, -2,
-2, -1,
-1, 0,
0, 1,
1, 22 ,…}
,…}
SUBSETS of R
Definition:
Definition:
NATURAL
NATURAL NUMBERSNUMBERS ((N
N))
-- counting
counting numbers
numbers
-- positive
positive integers
integers
-- {1,
{1, 2,
2, 3,
3, 4,
4, ….}
….}
SUBSETS of R
Definition:
Definition:
WHOLE
WHOLE NUMBERS NUMBERS ((W W))
-- nonnegative
nonnegative integers
integers
-- {{ 00 }} 
 {1,
{1, 2,
2, 3,
3, 4,
4, ….}
….}
-- {0,
{0, 1,1, 2,
2, 3,
3, 4,
4, …}
…}
SUBSETS of R
Definition:
Definition:
IRRATIONAL
IRRATIONAL NUMBERS
NUMBERS ((Q´ Q´))
-- non-terminating
non-terminating and and non-
non-
repeating
repeating decimals
decimals
-- transcendental
transcendental numbers
numbers
-- Ex:
Ex: {pi,
{pi, sqrt
sqrt 2,
2, -1.436512…..}
-1.436512…..}
The Set of Real Numbers

Q Q'

Z
W
Q

N
PROPERTIES of R
Definition:
Definition:
CLOSURE
CLOSURE PROPERTY
PROPERTY
Given
Given real
real numbers
numbers aa andand b,
b,
Then,
Then, aa ++ b b is
is aa real
real number
number (+),
(+),
or
or aa xx b
b is
is aa real
real number
number (x).
(x).
PROPERTIES of R
Example
Example 1:
1:
12 + 3 is
is aa real
real number.
number.
Therefore,
Therefore, the
the set
set of
of reals
reals is
is
CLOSED
CLOSED with
with respect
respect toto
addition.
addition.
PROPERTIES of R
Example
Example 2:2:
12 x 4.2 isis aa real
real number.
number.
Therefore,
Therefore, the
the set
set of
of reals
reals is
is
CLOSED
CLOSED withwith respect
respect toto
multiplication.
multiplication.
PROPERTIES of R
Question:
Question:
Is
Is the
the set
set of
of integers
integers CLOSED
CLOSED
with
with respect
respect to:
to:
1.
1. Addition
Addition
2.
2. Subtraction
Subtraction
3.
3. Multiplication
Multiplication
4.
4. Division
Division
PROPERTIES of R
Definition:
Definition:
COMMUTATIVE
COMMUTATIVE PROPERTY
PROPERTY
Given
Given real
real numbers
numbers aa and
and b,
b,
Addition: a + b = b + a
Addition:
Multiplication: ab = ba
Multiplication:
PROPERTIES of R
Example
Example 3:3:
Addition:
Addition:
2.3 ++ 1.2
1.2 == 1.2
1.2 ++ 2.3
2.3
Multiplication:
Multiplication:
(2)(3.5) = (3.5)(2)
(3.5)(2)
PROPERTIES of R
Definition:
Definition:
ASSOCIATIVE
ASSOCIATIVE PROPERTY
PROPERTY
Given
Given real
real numbers
numbers a,
a, b
b and
and c,
c,
Addition:
Addition:
(a
(a ++ b)
b) ++ cc == aa ++ (b + c)
Multiplication: (ab)c
Multiplication: (ab)c == a(bc)
a(bc)
PROPERTIES of R
Example
Example 4:4:
Addition:
Addition:
(6 + 0.5)
0.5) ++ ¼
¼ == 66 ++ (0.5
(0.5 ++ ¼)
¼)
Multiplication:
Multiplication:
(9 x 3)
3) xx 44 == 99 xx (3
(3 xx 4)
4)
PROPERTIES of R
Definition:
Definition:
DISTRIBUTIVE
DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY
PROPERTY of of
MULTIPLICATION
MULTIPLICATION OVEROVER
ADDITION
ADDITION
Given
Given real
real numbers
numbers a,
a, b
b and
and c,
c,
a (b + c)
c) == ab
ab ++ ac
ac
PROPERTIES of R
Example
Example 5:
5:
4.3
4.3 (0.11
(0.11 ++ 3.02)
3.02) == (4.3)(0.11)
(4.3)(0.11) ++ (4.3)(3.02)
(4.3)(3.02)

Example
Example 6:
6:
2x (3x
(3x –– b)
b) == (2x)(3x)
(2x)(3x) ++ (2x)(-b)
(2x)(-b)
PROPERTIES of R
Definition:
Definition:
IDENTITY
IDENTITY PROPERTY
PROPERTY
Given
Given aa real
real number
number a,
a,
Addition: 0
Addition: 0 ++ aa == aa
Multiplication: 1 xx aa == aa
Multiplication:
PROPERTIES of R
Example
Example 7:7:
Addition:
Addition:
0 + (-1.342)
(-1.342) = -1.342
Multiplication:
Multiplication:
(1)(0.1234) == 0.1234
PROPERTIES of R
Definition:
Definition:
INVERSE
INVERSE PROPERTY
PROPERTY
Given
Given aa real
real number
number a,
a,
Addition: a + (-a) = 0
Addition:
Multiplication: a x (1/a) = 1
Multiplication:
PROPERTIES of R
Example
Example 8:8:
Addition:
Addition:
1.342
1.342 ++ (-1.342)
(-1.342) == 00
Multiplication:
Multiplication:
(0.1234)(1/0.1234)
)(1/0.1234) == 11
EXERCISES
Tell which of the properties of real
numbers justifies each of the following
statements.
1. (2)(3) + (2)(5) = 2 (3 + 5)
2. (10 + 5) + 3 = 10 + (5 + 3)
3. (2)(10) + (3)(10) = (2 + 3)(10)
4. (10)(4)(10) = (4)(10)(10)
5. 10 + (4 + 10) = 10 + (10 + 4)
6. 10[(4)(10)] = [(4)(10)]10
7. [(4)(10)]10 = 4[(10)(10)]
8. 3 + 0.33 is a real number
The imaginary people of Venus
add numbers differently than
you do. A radio telescope in
Venezuela has discovered that
in Venus,
1 plus 1 equals 5 and
3 plus 2 equals 13
 +
That is, using the symbol
for “Venus addition”,

1 1=5
+

3 2 = 13
+
After deciphering many
radio messages from Venus,
scientists have decided that
in terms of Earth’s addition
and multiplication,

x y = 3x + 2y
+
1. Find: + +
a. 3 5 c. 5 3
+ +
b. ½ 1/3 d. 1/3 ½
+
2. Is the operation
commutative?

3. For what numbers x and y is

+ +
x y=y x?
4. Find: + +
a. (4 5) 6
+ +
b. 4 (5 6)
+ +
c. (1 7) 3
+ +
d. 1 (7 3)
+
5. Is the operation
associative?
6. For what numbers x, y, and z is
+ + + +
(x y) z=x (y z) ?
TRUE OR FALSE
1. The set of WHOLE
numbers is closed
with respect to
multiplication.
TRUE OR FALSE
2. The set of NATURAL
numbers is closed with
respect to
multiplication.
TRUE OR FALSE
3. The product of any two
REAL numbers is a
REAL number.
TRUE OR FALSE
4. The quotient of any
two REAL numbers is a
REAL number.
TRUE OR FALSE
5. Except for 0, the set of
RATIONAL numbers is
closed under division.
TRUE OR FALSE
6. Except for 0, the set of
RATIONAL numbers
contains the
multiplicative inverse for
each of its members.
TRUE OR FALSE
7. The set of RATIONAL
numbers is associative
under multiplication.
TRUE OR FALSE
8. The set of RATIONAL
numbers contains the
additive inverse for
each of its members.
TRUE OR FALSE
9. The set of INTEGERS is
commutative under
subtraction.
TRUE OR FALSE
10. The set of INTEGERS
is closed with respect
to division.