Robbins Mng8ce 07

Chapter 7
Strategic Management
Chapter 7, Stephen P. Robbins, Mary Coulter, and Nancy Langton, Management, Eighth Canadian Edition.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education Canada Inc. 1
LEARNING OUTLINE
Follow this Learning Outline as you read and study this chapter.
• The Importance of Strategic Management

– Explain why strategic management is important.
– Discuss what studies of the effectiveness of strategic
management have shown.
• The Strategic Management Process
– List the six steps in the strategic management process.
– Describe what managers do when they do external and internal
analyses.
– Explain the role of resources, capabilities, and core
competencies in the internal analysis.
LEARNING OUTLINE (cont’d)
• Types of Organizational Strategies

– Explain the three growth strategies.
– Discuss the BCG matrix and how it’s used.
– Define strategic business units and business-level strategies.
– Describe the role of competitive advantage in business-level
strategies.
– Explain Porter’s five competitive forces.
– Describe three competitive strategies.
LEARNING OUTLINE (cont’d)
• Strategic Management in Today’s Environment

– Discuss the implications of dynamic and uncertain
environments on organizational strategy.
– Describe strategies applying e-business techniques.
– Explain which strategies organizations might use to
become more customer-service oriented and more
innovative.
Strategic Management
• The set of managerial decisions

and actions that determines
the long-run performance
of an organization
Why Strategic Management Is
Important
• It results in higher organizational performance
• It requires that managers examine and adapt to
business environment changes
• It coordinates diverse organizational units,
helping them focus on organizational goals
• It is very much involved in the managerial
decision-making process
Exhibit 7.1 The Strategic
Management Process
External Analysis
• opportunities
• threats
Identify the
organization's Formulate Implement Evaluate
current mission, goals, SWOT Analysis Strategies Strategies Results
and strategies
Internal Analysis
• strengths
• weaknesses
Strategic Management Process
• Step 1: Identify the Organization’s Current

Mission, Objectives, and Strategies
– Mission: the firm’s reason for being
• The scope of its products and services
– Goals: the foundation for further planning
• Measurable performance targets
• Step 2: Conduct an External Analysis
– The environmental scanning of specific and
general environments
• Focuses on identifying opportunities and threats
Exhibit 7.2 Components of a Mission
Statement
• Customers: Who are the organization’s customers?
• Products or services: What are the organization’s major
products or services?
• Markets: Where does the organization compete
geographically?
• Technology: How technologically current is the
organization?
• Concern for survival growth, and profitability: Is the
organization committed to growth and financial stability?
Source: Based on F. David, Strategic Management, 8th ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2001), pp. 65–66.
Exhibit 7.2 Components of a Mission
Statement (cont’d)
• Philosophy: What are the organization’s basic beliefs,
values, aspirations, and ethical priorities?
• Self-concept: What is the organization’s major competitive
advantage and core competencies?
• Concern for public image: How responsive is the
organization to societal and environmental concerns?
• Concern for employees: Does the organization consider
employees a valuable asset?
Source: Based on F. David, Strategic Management, 8th ed. (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2001), pp. 65–66.
(cont’d)
• Step 3: Conduct an Internal Analysis
– Assessing organizational resources, capabilities, activities, and
culture:
• Strengths (core competencies) create value for the customer
and strengthen the competitive position of the firm
• Weaknesses (things done poorly or not at all) can place the
firm at a competitive disadvantage.
• Steps 2 and 3 combined are called a SWOT analysis.

(Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats)
Exhibit 7.3 Identifying the
Organization’s Opportunities
Organization’s Organization’s Opportunities in

Resources/Capabilities Opportunities the Environment
(cont’d)
• Step 4: Formulate Strategies
– Develop and evaluate strategic alternatives
– Select appropriate strategies for all levels in the
organization that provide relative advantage over
competitors
– Match organizational strengths to environmental
opportunities
– Correct weaknesses and guard against threats
(cont’d)
• Step 5: Implement Strategies
– Implementation: effectively fitting organizational
structure and activities to the environment
– The environment dictates the chosen strategy;
effective strategy implementation requires an
organizational structure matched to its
requirements
• Step 6: Evaluate Results
– How effective have strategies been?
– What adjustments, if any, are necessary?
Types of Organizational
Strategies
• Corporate-level Strategies
– Top management’s overall plan for the entire organization
and its strategic business units
• Types of Corporate Strategies
– Growth: expansion into new products and markets
– Stability: maintenance of the status quo
– Retrenchment: addresses organizational weaknesses that
are leading to performance declines
– Corporate portfolio analysis: involves a number of
businesses; guides resource allocation
Exhibit 7.4 Levels of Organizational
Strategy
Corporate Multibusiness
Level Corporation
Business Strategic Strategic Strategic

Level Business Unit 1 Business Unit 2 Business Unit 3
Functional Research and Manufacturing Marketing Human Finance

Level Development Resources
Corporate-Level Strategies
• Growth Strategy
– Seeking to increase the organization’s business
by expansion into new products and markets
• Types of Growth Strategies
– Concentration
– Vertical integration
– Horizontal integration
– Diversification
Growth Strategies
• Concentration
– Focusing on a primary line of business and increasing the
number of products offered or markets served
• Vertical Integration
– Backward vertical integration: attempting to gain control
of inputs (become a self-supplier)
– Forward vertical integration: attempting to gain control of
output through control of the distribution channel and/or
provide customer service activities (eliminating
intermediaries)
Growth Strategies (cont’d)
• Horizontal Integration
– Combining operations with another competitor in the
same industry to increase competitive strengths and lower
competition among industry rivals
• Diversification
– Related Diversification
• Expanding by merging with or acquiring firms in different, but
related industries that are “strategic fits”
– Unrelated Diversification
• Growing by merging with or acquiring firms in unrelated
industries where higher financial returns are possible
Corporate-Level Strategies (cont’d)
• Stability Strategy
– A strategy that seeks to maintain the status quo to
deal with the uncertainty of a dynamic
environment, when the industry is experiencing
slow- or no-growth conditions, or if the owners
of the firm elect not to grow for personal reasons
• Retrenchment Strategy
– Reduces the company’s activities or operations
– Retrenchment strategies include:
• Cost reductions
• Layoffs
• Closing underperforming units
• Closing entire product lines or services
• Corporate Portfolio Analysis

• BCG Matrix
– Developed by the Boston Consulting Group
– Considers market share and industry growth rate
– Classifies firms as:
• Cash cows: low growth rate, high market share
• Stars: high growth rate, high market share
• Question marks: high growth rate, low market share
• Dogs: low growth rate, low market share
Exhibit 7.5 The BCG Matrix
High Low
Low
Market Share
Question
Stars Marks
Sell off or
Growth Rate
Heavily invest
Anticipated
turn into stars
Cash Dogs
Cows
Sell off or
Milk for cash liquidate
High
Business-Level Strategy
• Business-Level Strategy
– A strategy that seeks to determine how an
organization should compete in each of its SBUs
(strategic business units)
The Role of Competitive
Advantage
• Competitive Advantage
– An organization’s distinctive competitive edge
that is sourced and sustained in its core
competencies
• Quality as a Competitive Advantage
– Differentiates the firm from its competitors
– Can create a sustainable competitive advantage
– Represents the company’s focus on quality
management to achieve continuous improvement
and meet customers’ demand for quality
Exhibit 7.6 Forces in an Industry
Analysis
New
Entrants
Threat of
New Entrants
Bargaining
Power of
Intensity of Buyers
Rivalry Among
Suppliers Current Buyers
Competitors
Bargaining
Power of
Suppliers
Threat of
Substitutes
Substitutes
Source: Based on M.E. Porter, Competitive Strategy: Techniques for

Analyzing Industries and Competitors (New York: The Free Press, 1980).
Five Competitive Forces
• Threat of New Entrants

– The ease or difficulty with which new competitors can
enter an industry
• Threat of Substitutes
– The extent to which switching costs and brand loyalty
affect the likelihood of customers adopting substitute
products and services
• Bargaining Power of Buyers
– The degree to which buyers have the market strength to
hold sway over and influence competitors in an industry
Five Competitive Forces (cont’d)
• Bargaining Power of Suppliers

– The relative number of buyers to suppliers and
threats from substitutes and new entrants affect
the buyer-supplier relationship
• Current Rivalry
– Intensity among rivals increases when industry
growth rates slow, demand falls, and product
prices descend
Exhibit 7.7
Pursuing
Porter’s
Competitive
Strategies
Competitive Strategies
• Cost Leadership Strategy

– Seeking to attain the lowest total overall costs relative to
other industry competitors
• Differentiation Strategy
– Attempting to create a unique and distinctive product or
service for which customers will pay a premium
• Focus Strategy
– Using a cost or differentiation advantage to exploit a
particular market segment rather than a larger market
• Stuck in the Middle
– Organizations that are unable to develop a cost or
differentiation advantage
Functional-Level Strategy
• Functional-level strategies support the

business-level strategy
– i.e., Marketing, human resources, research and
development, and finance all support the
business-level strategy
– Problems occur when employees or customers
don’t understand a company’s strategy
Strategies in Today’s Environment:
Applying E-Business Techniques
• Cost Leadership
– Online activities: bidding, order processing,
inventory control, recruitment, and hiring
• Differentiation
– Internet-based knowledge systems, online ordering,
and customer support
• Focus
– Chat rooms and discussion boards, targeted web sites
Customer Service Strategies
• Giving the customers what they want
• Communicating effectively with them
• Providing employees with customer service
training
Innovation Strategies
• Possible Events
– Radical breakthroughs in products
– Application of existing technology to new uses
• Strategic Decisions about Innovation
– Basic research
– Product development
– Process innovation
• First Mover
– An organization that brings a product innovation to market or
uses a new process innovation
Exhibit 7.8 First-Mover
Advantages–Disadvantages
• Advantages • Disadvantages
– Reputation for being – Uncertainty over exact
innovative and industry leader direction technology and
market will go
– Cost and learning benefits
– Risk of competitors
– Control over scarce resources imitating innovations
and keeping competitors from
– Financial and strategic
having access to them risks
– Opportunity to begin building – High development costs
customer relationships and
customer loyalty

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Chapter 7

• The Importance of Strategic Management

• Types of Organizational Strategies

• Strategic Management in Today’s Environment

• The set of managerial decisions

• Step 1: Identify the Organization’s Current

• Steps 2 and 3 combined are called a SWOT analysis.

Organization’s Organization’s Opportunities in

Business Strategic Strategic Strategic

Functional Research and Manufacturing Marketing Human Finance

• Corporate Portfolio Analysis

turn into stars

Source: Based on M.E. Porter, Competitive Strategy: Techniques for

• Threat of New Entrants

• Bargaining Power of Suppliers

• Cost Leadership Strategy

• Functional-level strategies support the

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