Lecture 6 - Noise & Vibration: AUTO 501 - Automotive System Design Professor Harvey Bell Professor David Tao June 9, 2016

Lecture 6 - Noise & Vibration
AUTO 501 – Automotive System Design
Professor Harvey Bell

Professor David Tao
June 9, 2016
Kano Model to Drive Customer Satisfaction
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Comprehensively address the drivers of customer satisfaction –

factually for parts & systems as well as for the vehicle 2
02/11/21 copyright Art Hyde 2008 Auto 501 Vehicle Design Lecture 2
Design For NVH (DFNVH)
• Introduction to NVH
• DFNVH Heuristics
• DFNVH Process Flow and Target Cascade
• DFNVH Design Process Fundamentals
• Key DFNVH Principles
– Airborne NVH
• Radiated/Shell Noise
• Tube Inlet/Outlet Noise
• Impactive Noise
• Air Impingement Noise
– Structure-Borne NVH
• Wind Noise Example
• 2002 Mercury Mountaineer Case Study
• Summary 3
Course Materials Development History
• Originally developed by University of Detroit
Mercy MPD Cohort 1 students: Jeff Dumler,
Dave McCreadie, David Tao
• Revised by Cohort 1 students: T. Bertcher,
L. Brod, P. Lee, M. Wehr
• Revised by : D. Gaines, E. Donabedian,
R. Hall, E. Sheppard, J. Randazzo,
J. Torres, B. Dhruna, J. Stevens
• Compiled by Professor Jonathan Weaver of
University of Detroit Mercy, and used as
part of MPD575 DFX course materials 4
– Airborne NVH
• Impactive Noise
• Summary
5
Introduction to NVH
What is NVH?
• Movement is vibration, and vibration that reaches the
passenger compartment in the right frequencies is noise.
• The science of managing the vibration frequencies in
automobile design is called NVH - Noise, Vibration,
and Harshness.
• It is relatively easy to reduce noise and vibration by
adding weight thereby changing the natural frequency,
but in an era when fuel economy demands are forcing
designers to lighten the car, NVH engineers must try to
make the same parts stiffer, quieter, and lighter.
6
Introduction to NVH
What is Vehicle NVH?
• Noise/Sound - What customer/driver hears

– 20-10K Hz frequency range
– Characterized by frequency, level and quality
• Vibration – What customer/driver feels
– Motion sensed by the body, 0.5 – 100 Hz
frequency range, characterized by frequency, level
and direction
• Harshness – Combined effects of noise and
vibration
– Rough or discordant sensation
Introduction to NVH
What is NVH?
Noise:
•Typically denotes unwanted sound, hence treatments
are normally to eliminate or reduce
•Variations are detected by ear
•Characterized by frequency, level & quality
•May be Undesirable (Airborne)
•May be Desirable (Powerful Sounding Engine)
8
Introduction to NVH
What is NVH?
Pure Tone
• Sound at a single frequency
• Sound Pressure
– Objective measurement
• dB
– Logarithmic of sound pressure
• dBA
– A-Weighted to adjust for ear sensitivity
Introduction to NVH
What is NVH?
Human Ear Sensitivity

• Hearing range 20 – 2000 Hz
• Depends on overall level
• Sound at one frequency may mask by
other frequencies
• Depends on age, sex and other factors
Introduction to NVH
What is NVH?
Vibration:
• An oscillating motion about a reference point
which occurs at some frequency or set of
frequencies
– Motion sensed by the body (structure-borne)
• mainly in 0.5 Hz - 50 Hz range
– Characterized by frequency, level and direction
– Customer Sensitivity Locations are steering wheel,
seat track, toe board, and mirrors (visible vibrations)
11
Introduction to NVH
What is NVH?
Harshness:
•Low-frequency (25 -100 Hz) vibration of the
vehicle structure and/or components
•Frequency range overlaps with vibration but
human perception is different.
– Perceived tactilely and/or audibly
– Rough, grating or discordant sensation
12
Introduction to NVH
NVH Category
NVH Characteristic Frequency (Hz)

Steady State Frequency Response
• Ride <5
• Shake 5 - 40
• Boom 20 - 100
• Moan 100 - 150
• Structural Borne Noise 150 – 500
• Air Borne Noise > 500
Transient Response
• Harshness 25 - 100
Introduction to NVH
What is NVH
Airborne Noise:
•Kind of sound most people think of as noise, and travels
through gaseous mediums like air.
•Some people classify human voice as airborne noise, but
a better example is the hum of your computer, or air
conditioner.
•Detected by the human ear, and most likely impossible to
detect with the sense of touch.
•Treatment / Countermeasures: Barriers or Absorbers
14
Introduction to NVH
What is NVH
Airborne Noise:
•Active Noise Control is an advanced method used to
reduce airborne noise. It can work at 30 to 1000 Hz to
change the noise heard. Is an audio processing input and
response adjustment to audio system in the vehicle.
•It is now deployed in Lincoln MKS and many other luxury
vehicles.
15
Introduction to NVH
What is NVH?
Structure-borne Noise:
• Vibration that you predominately “feel”, like the deep
booming bass sound from the car radio next to you at a
stoplight.
• These are typically low frequency vibrations that your ear
may be able to hear, but you primarily “feel”
• Treatment / Countermeasure: Damping or Isolation
16
Introduction to NVH
What is NVH?
Barriers:
•Performs a blocking function to the path of the airborne noise.
Examples: a closed door, backing on automotive carpet.
•Barrier performance is strongly correlated to the openings or
air gaps that exist after the barrier is installed. A partially open
door is less effective barrier than a totally closed door.
•Barrier performance is dependent on frequency, and is best
used to treat high frequencies.
•If no gaps exist when the barrier is employed, then weight
becomes the dominant factor in comparing barriers.
17
Introduction to NVH
What is NVH?
Design Parameters for Barriers:

• Location (close to source)
• Material (cost/weight)
• Mass per Unit Area
• Number and Thickness of Layers
• Number and Size of Holes
18
Introduction to NVH
What is NVH?
Absorbers:
•Reduces sound by absorbing the energy of the sound
waves, and dissipating it as heat. Examples: headliner,
and hood insulator.
•Typically, absorbers are ranked by the ability to absorb
sound that otherwise would be reflected off its surface.
•Good absorber designs contain complex geometries
that trap sound waves, and prevent reflection back into
the air.
•Absorber performance varies with frequency.
19
Introduction to NVH
What is NVH?
Design Parameters for Absorbers:
•Area of absorbing material (as large as possible)
•Type of material (cost/weight)
•Thickness (package/installation)
20
Introduction to NVH
What is NVH?
Damping:
•Defined as a treatment of vibration to reduce the
magnitude of targeted vibrations
•Damping is important because it decreases the
sensitivity of the body at resonant frequencies
•Vehicle Sources of Damping are: Mastics, sound
deadening materials, weather-strips/seals, tuned
dampers, and body/engine mounts
21
Introduction to NVH
What is NVH?
Design Parameters for Damping:
•Density (low as possible)
•Stiffness (high as possible)
•Thickness (damping increases with the square of thickness)
•Free surface versus constrained layer
Note: Temperature range of interest is very important because

stiffness and damping properties are very temperature
sensitive
22
Introduction to NVH
What is NVH?
Isolation:
•Method of detaching or separating the vibration from
another system or body.
•By definition: does nothing to reduce the magnitude of
vibration, simply uncouples the vibration from the system
you are protecting.
•All isolation materials perform differently at different
frequencies, and if engineered incorrectly, may make NVH
problems worse instead of better.
23
Introduction to NVH
What is NVH?
Isolation by Bushings and Mounts:
•Excitations are generally applied to components such as
engine or road wheels.
•The force to the body is the product of the mount stiffness
and the mount deflection, therefore strongly dependent on
the mount spring rates
•Compliant (softer) mounts are usually desirable for NVH
and ride, but are undesirable for handling, durability and
packaging (more travel/displacement space required).
•Typically, the isolation rates (body mount/engine mount
stiffness) that are finally selected, is a result of the
reconciliation (trade-off) of many factors. 24
Introduction to NVH
Why Design for NVH?
“NVH is overwhelmingly important to

customers. You never, ever get lucky
with NVH. The difference between
good cars and great cars is fanatical
attention to detail.”
Richard Parry-Jones, November 1999
25
Introduction to NVH
Why Design for NVH?
• NVH impacts Customer Satisfaction
• NVH impacts Warranty
• NVH has financial impact
26
Introduction to NVH
Why Design for NVH?
Corporate Leverage vs. Customer Satisfaction
NVH Customer Satisfaction Needs Improvement at 3 MIS
9 IMPROVE
NVH SUSTAIN / BUILD
Relative
Leverage 6.9
* Overall Handling
Cup holders
5 * REVIEW
Exterior Styling
MAINTAIN
*
65% 77% 85%
27
Introduction to NVH
Why Design for NVH?
NVH Can Both Dissatisfy and Delight
+ Customer Exciting Quality
KANO Model (Surprise & Delight)
Performance Quality
Satisfaction (Attributes)
Sound Quality
Harley TGR
Mustang
Lexus o udness + Degree of Achievement
L
+ Performance
- Performance
Dissatisfiers Basic Quality
(Inhibitors)
Unusual Noises
Axle Whine TGW
- Customer
Wind Noise Satisfaction
28
Introduction to NVH
Why Design for NVH?
Summary of Customer Importance
• Customers place a high value on NVH

performance in vehicles
• About 1/3 of all Product / Quality
Complaints are NVH-related
29
NVH: Cost & Weight Considerations
Often times, cost and weight targets prevent

avoidance of NVH issues An example is a 2-pc
driveshaft, which is less expensive, lighter, and
has fewer joints than a 3-pc driveshaft, but has
boom at a certain RPM. The 3-pc driveshaft does
not demonstrate the boom.
What do you do?

NVH countermeasures CAN work harmoniously
within the system as long as they are DESIGNED
INTO the system from the beginning.
How do I go about doing it?
• Get management buy-in. NVH measures are never
costed into programs early enough. This needs to
change to ensure success.
• Run CAE early, using the best simulations available.
Determine the frequency range and driving mode. Trust
your CAE.
• Develop NVH countermeasures which are to be planned
on the first prototype phase (NOT the last)
• In this case, a torsional damper on the rear of the
driveshaft solves the issue, but interferes with the fuel
tank
• Since packaging studies were run early, the fuel tank was
modified prior to hard tooling to provide clearance for the
damper.
• Result
– A well-packaged driveshaft which is lighter,
less expensive, and more durable than the
alternate design, which fully satisfies all
customer and corporate requirements.
Heuristic:
NVH is always a late guest to the party.
Plan countermeasures ahead to ensure
you have enough energy, time and tools
to entertain your guest!
Introduction to NVH
Why Design for NVH?
Summary of Customer Importance (continued)
• About 1/5 of all Warranty costs are NVH-

related
– Dealers may spend many hours to determine
source of NVH problem
– Dealers may have to repair or rebuild parts that
have not lost function but have become source of
NVH issue.
• NVH can provide both dissatisfaction and
delight
33
– Airborne NVH
• Impactive Noise
• Summary
34
Design For NVH
Heuristics
• Design the structure with good "bones"
– If the NVH problem is inherent to the architecture,
it will be very difficult to tune it out.
• To remain competitive, determine and

control the keys to the architecture from
the very beginning.
– Set aggressive NVH targets, select the best
possible architecture from the beginning, and stick
with it (additional upfront NVH resources are
valuable investments that will return a high yield)
35
Design For NVH
Heuristics
•Cost rules
– Once the architecture is selected, it will be
very costly to re-select another architecture.
Therefore, any bad design will stay for a
long time
36
Design For NVH
Heuristics
• Don't confuse the functioning of the parts

for the functioning of the system (Jerry
Olivieri, 1992).
– We need to follow Systems Engineering principles
to design for NVH. Customers will see functions
from the system, but sound designs requires our
ability to develop requirements of the parts by
cascading functional requirements from the
system
37
Vehicle Design Process:
Program Planning -> Vehicle Design Concept.
Program Program Program Final Engineering

Production
Start Targets Contract Data Completion
Planning
Vehicle & System
DesignComponent Design
Proto Build & Test

Production Tools
Launch
Focus on the upfront design process – source of competitive
advantage
3802/11/21 copyright Art Hyde 2008 Auto 501 Vehicle Design Lecture 38
– Airborne NVH
• Impactive Noise
• Summary
39
DFNVH
Process Flow and Target Cascade
Systems Engineering “V” and PD Process Timing
KO SI SC PA PR CP J1
Customer Customer
Wants/Needs Satisfaction
Define Req’s Vehicle (VDS - P/T NVH etc) Confirm
System (SDS - Force, Sensitivity,......)
Subsystem (stiffness, ....)

Cascade Targets
& Iterate Verify & Optimize
Components CDS
Optimize
40
DFNVH
Trade-Offs Flow Chart
Program Specific Wants Vehicle Assumptions Fixed System & Sub-System

SI Targets
PALS (QFD, VOC, etc.) SLA or McPherson Strut Suspension
Force or P/F Targets
Determined with
Functional Images for Vehicle Level Target Ranges Parametric Models
Segment - R202 Subjective (1-10) and Objective
Component End Item

Preliminary Target Ranges Trade-Off Loop Targets
Future Functional Attribute Perform Iterations Until Component Resonant
Targets Assumptions Comparable Frequencies, etc.
Objective Target Ranges - PA
VDS
System/Sub-System Assumptions Design Optimization
McPherson vs. SLA, etc. CAE Optimization
Requires Hardware Parametric Hardware Development
Affordable Business Model
Structure (ABS)
Is Gross Architecture Feasible? Development
41
DFNVH
• During the early stages of a vehicle program, many
design trade-offs must be made quickly without detailed
information.
• For example, on the basis of economics and timing,

power plants (engines) which are known to be noisy are
chosen. The program should realize that extra weight
and cost will be required in the sound package.
(Historical Data)
• If a convertible is to be offered, it should be realized

that a number of measures must be taken to stiffen the
body in torsion, and most likely will include stiffening the
rockers. (Program Assumptions)
42
DFNVH
43
DFNVH
Noise Reduction Strategy: Targets are even set for the
noise reduction capability of the sound package.
44
DFNVH
NVH Functional Attribute
Sub -Attributes
Road Wind P/T Brake Comp. S.Q. S&R Pass-by Noise (Reg.)
45
DFNVH
Convert attribute target strategy to objective targets
POWERTRAIN
NVH
ACCELERATION DECELERATION TRANSIENTS

IDLE NVH CRUISE NVH STEERING NVH
NVH NVH NVH
ACCELERATION TAKE-OFF ENGINE START

WOT DRIVEAWAY UP / SHUT OFF
NVH NVH
AUTOMATIC
TIP-IN / TIP OUT TRANS. SHIFT
NVH NVH
46
DFNVH
Acceleration NVH Target Cascade
CUSTOMER
PERCEIVED P/T NVH
STRUCTURE-BORNE
AIRBORNE NOISE
NOISE
P/T RADIATED AIRBORNE BODY ACOUSTIC MOUNT

NOISE NOISE REDUCTION SENSITIVTY FORCES
MOUNT
P/T VIBRATION DYNAMIC
STIFFNESS
47
DFNVH
NVH Classification Parameters

•Operating Condition (idle, acceleration, cruise on a
rough road, braking…)
•Phenomenon (boom, shake, noise…) this is strongly

affected by the frequency of the noise and vibration.
•Source (powertrain, road, wind ..etc)
•Classifying NVH problems provides a guidance for

design, for example, low frequency problems such as
shake, historically, involves major structural components
such as cross members and joints. 48
DFNVH
Operating Condition NVH Concerns
Idle Shake and boom due to engine torque.
Lugging Shake and boom due to engine torque.
WOT Noise and vibration due to engine, exhaust
vibration, and radiated noise.
Cruise (smooth road) Shake, roughness, and boom due to tire and
powertrain imbalance and tire force variation,
Wind noise, Tire Noise
Cruise (rough road) Road noise and shake
Tip-in "Moan" due to powertrain bending.
Braking Squeal, grind, moan and shudder.
DFNVH
• The customer’s experience of NVH problems involves

two factors, 1) the vehicle operating conditions, such
as braking or WOT, and 2) the very subjective
responses such as boom, growl, and groan.
• It is critical that objective and subjective ratings be
correlated so the customer concerns can be directly
related to objective measures. This requires
subjective-objective correlation studies comparing
customer ratings and objective vibration
measurements.
50
DFNVH
NVH Aspect Subjective Response
Boom Low frequency sound 20 - 100 hz.
Drone Large amplitude pure tone in the region 100-200 hz
Growl Modulated low/medium frequency broad band noise

100-1000 hz
Groan Transient broadband noise with noticeable time
variation and tone content, 50-250 hz
Moan A sound in the 80 to 200 Hz range, frequently
consisting of one or two tones
Squeak High pitched broadband transient noise.
Whine Mid-frequency to high frequency pure tone (possibly

with harmonics), 200-2000 hz
51
DFNVH
Summary
•Noise reduction targets should be set for important operating
conditions such as WOT (wide open throttle).
•Noise reduction targets must be set for the radiated sound
from the various sources.
•The sound package must be optimized for barrier
transmissibility and interior absorption.
•Classifying NVH problems provides guidance for design and
a means to communication among engineers.
•NVH from audio system interaction is also important with
pulse width modulated signals for loads that couple onto
audio speakers. 52
• Process Flow and Target Cascade
– Airborne NVH
• Impactive Noise
• Summary
53
DFNVH Process Fundamentals
Source-Path-Responder
Excitation Sensitivity Response
Excitation Source Examples: • Engine Firing Pulses

• Driveshaft Imbalance
• Rough Road
• Tire Imbalance
• Speed Bump
• Gear Meshing
• Body-Shape Induced
Vortices
• Brake Roughness 54
Sensitivity:
Tendency of the path to transmit energy from
the source to the responder, commonly referred
to as the transfer function of the system
55
Example: Body Sensitivity

Interior Sound
Pressure
STRUCTURE
Tactile p (dB)
 Point mobility (v/F) Force Input
V (mm/s) Vibration Velocity
(Structural velocity induced by force) at Driving Point
F (N)
at Driving Point
Acoustic Interior Sound

Pressure
 Airborne (p/p) STRUCTURE
(Airborne sound pressure induced by pressure waves) p (dB)
 Structureborne (p/F)
(Airborne sound pressure induced by force) p (dB)
Airborne Noise
56
Body Sensitivity Demonstration

Typical Point Mobility Spectrum for Compliant & Stiff Structures
More
Compliant
Point Mobility Point Mobility (V/F)
Less
Compliant
50 Frequency ( f ) 140
57
Response: Objective Subjective

(measurable) (customer perception)
• S/W Shake • S/W Shake (vertical)
• S/W Nibble • S/W Nibble (rotational)
• Seat Track (Triax) • Seat Track (non-specific)
• Spindle Fore/Aft
S/W = Steering Wheel • Tie Rod Lateral
58
Body Acoustic
Tailpipe
Attenuation (dB)
Airborne P/T NVH
Airborne NVH
Intake Orifice Powertrain
Noise Model
Engine Radiated Body Acoustic
Sound Attenuation (dB)
Driver Right Ear
(dBA)
Structure-borne P/T NVH
Active Engine
Structure-borne NVH
Mount Body Acoustic
Vibration
Stiffness (N/mm) Sensitivity
(X, Y, Z)
Active Exhaust
Mount Body Acoustic
Vibration
Stiffness (N/mm) Sensitivity
(X, Y, Z)
59
Road Noise (P) Road Noise
NPA
Model
+
Chassis Forces Body/Frame
to Body (F) Sensitivity (P/F)
Sub-structuring
Modal
+ Suspension Analysis (MA)
Tire/Wheel
Forces Force Isolation
MA
Road Profile Tire/Road Force Suspension/Frame Body Modes
Transfer Function Modes
Tire/Wheel Modes & Suspension/Frame Body Design

Design Parameters Design Parameters Parameters
60
Driveline
Model
61
Sound Quality
What is Sound Quality?

• Historically, Noise Control meant reducing sound level
• Focus was on major contributors (P/T, Road, Wind Noise)
• Sound has multiple attributes that affect customer perception
• All vehicle sounds can influence customer satisfaction
(e.g., component Sound Quality)
• Noise Control no longer means simply reducing dB levels
62
Sound Quality
Why Sound Quality?

• Generally not tied to any warranty issue
• Important to Customer Satisfaction
- Purchase experience (door closing)
- Ownership experience (powertrain/exhaust)
• A strong indicator of vehicle craftsmanship
- Brand image (powertrain)
63
Sound Quality
The Sound Quality Process
1. Measurement (recording)
2. Subjective evaluation (listening studies)
• Actual or surrogate customers
3. Objective analysis
• Sound quality Metrics
4. Subjective/Objective correlation
5. Component design for sound quality
64
Sound Quality
Binaural Acoustic “Heads”
Stereo Sound
Recording
representing
sound wave
interaction w/
human torso
65
Sound Quality
Sound Quality Listening Room
Used for
Customer
Listening
Clinics.
66
Sound Quality
Poor Sound Quality Good Sound Quality
67
Sound Quality
Quantifying Door Closing Sound Quality
1. Sound Level (Loudness)
2. Frequency Content (Sharpness)
3. Temporal Behavior
68
Sound Quality
What Makes A Good Door Closing Sound?
Good Sound Poor Sound
Quiet Loud
Low Frequency High Frequency
(Solid) (Tinny, Cheap)
One Impact Rings On (Bell)
No Extraneous Noise Rattles, Chirps, etc.
69
Sound Quality
Example: Qualifying Door Closing Sound Quality
Good Bad
Frequency (Hz)
(y-axis)
Time (sec.)
Level (dBa) (x-axis) 70
(color)
Sound Quality
Perceived Sound
Design for Sound Quality
Door Closing Example
Structure-borne Airborne
Radiated Snd. Seal Trans Loss
Latch Forces Str. Compliance
Inertia Spring Rates Material
71
Sound Quality
Conclusions
• Sound Quality is critical to Customer Satisfaction
• Understand sound characteristics that govern
perception
• Upfront implementation is the biggest challenge
• Use commodity approach to component sound
quality
• Generic targets, supplier awareness, bench tests
72
• Process Flow and Target Cascade
– Airborne NVH
• Impactive Noise
• Summary
73
NVH Design Principles
• Dynamic System NVH Model:
Source X Path = Response
• Always work on sources first
– Reduce the level of ALL sources by using quiet
commodities
• Path is affected by system architecture. Need to select
the best architecture in the early design phase.
– Engineer the paths in each application to tailor the
sound level
• Only resort to tuning in the late stage of design
74
Source Path Responder
Radiated/Shell Noise Acoustic Attenuation

Airborne NVH
Tube Inlet/Outlet Noise Acoustic Attenuation Environment

Sensitivity
Impactive Noise Acoustic Attenuation
Air Impingement Noise Acoustic Attenuation
Customer
Structure-borne
Isolation
Excitation
Stiffness
NVH
Structure
Source, Energy
Sensitivity
Input
Isolation
Damping
75
Airborne NVH

Sensitivity
Customer
Structure-borne
Isolation
Excitation
Stiffness
NVH
Structure
Source, Energy
Sensitivity
Input
Isolation
Damping
76
Design Principles – Airborne NVH
Radiated/Shell Noise
Mechanism:
• Structural surface vibration imparts mechanical energy
into adjacent acoustic fluid in the form of pressure
waves at same frequency content as the surface
vibration. These waves propagate through the fluid
medium to the listener. Examples: powertrain
radiated noise, exhaust pipe/muffler radiated noise
Design principle(s):
• Minimize the vibration level on the surface of the
structure
77
Radiated/Shell Noise
Design Action(s):
• Stiffen: Add ribbing, increase gauge thickness,
change material to one with higher elastic modulus,
add internal structural support
• Minimize surface area: Round surfaces
• Damping: Apply mastic adhesives to surface, make
surfaces out of heavy rubber
• Mass loading: Add non-structural mass to reduce
vibration amplitude --- (Only as a last resort)
78
Tube Inlet/Outlet Airflow Noise
Mechanism:
• Pressure waves are produced in a tube filled with
moving fluid by oscillating (open/closed) orifices.
These waves propagate down tube and emanate
from the inlet or outlet to the listener. Examples:
induction inlet noise, exhaust tailpipe noise
• Reduce the resistance in the fluid flow
79
Design action(s):
• Make tubes as straight as possible
• Include an in-line silencer element with sufficient
volume
• Locate inlet/outlet as far away from customer as
possible
• Design for symmetrical (equal length) branches
80
V6 Intake Manifolds
81
Impactive Noise
Mechanism:
• Two mechanical surfaces coming into contact with each other
causes vibration in each surface, which imparts mechanical
energy into adjacent acoustic fluid in the form of pressure
waves at the same frequency as the surface vibration. These
waves propagate through the fluid medium to the listener.
- Examples: Tire impact noise, door closing sound, power door lock
sound
• Pressures waves caused by air pumping in and out of voids

between contacting surfaces
- Examples: Tire impact noise
82
Impactive Noise
Air Pumping
Air forced in and out of voids is called “air pumping”
83
Impactive Noise
• Reduce the stiffness of the impacting surfaces
• Increase damping of impacting surfaces
Design action(s):
• Change material to one with more compliance, higher
damping
• Management of modal frequencies, mode shapes of
impacting surfaces (tire tread pattern, tire cavity
resonance)
84
Air Impingement Noise
Mechanism:
• When an object moves through a fluid, turbulence is
created which causes the fluid particles to impact
each other. These impacts produce pressure waves
in the fluid which propagate to the listener.
Examples: engine cooling fan, heater blower, hair
dryer
• Reduce the turbulence in the fluid flow
85
Air Impingement Noise
Design action(s):
• Design fan blades asymmetrically, with
circumferential ring
• Optimize fan diameter, flow to achieve lowest broad
band noise
• Use fan shroud to guide the incoming and outgoing
airflow
86
Airborne NVH

Sensitivity
Customer
Structure-borne
Isolation
Excitation
Stiffness
NVH
Structure
Source, Energy
Sensitivity
Input
Isolation
Damping
87
Airborne Noise Path Treatment
Noise Reduction
Engine
Interior
Compartment
Absorption
Absorption
Body &
Pass-Thru Sealing
Insulator Blocking
(Components)
(Panels)
88
• Absorb noise from the source
• Block the source noise from coming in
• Absorb the noise after it is in
Design action(s):
• Surround source with absorbing materials
• Minimize number and size of pass-through holes
• Use High-quality seals for pass-through holes
• Add layers of absorption and barrier materials in noise path
• Adopt target setting/cascading strategy
89
air absorption materials • Barrier performance is

controlled mainly by mass
– 3 dB improvement requires
41% higher weight
• Mastic or laminated steel
improves low frequency
• Soft decoupled layers (10-
30 mm) absorb sound
• Pass-thru penetration
seals weaker than steel
90
Airborne NVH

Sensitivity
Customer
Structure-borne
Isolation
Excitation
Stiffness
NVH
Structure
Source, Energy
Sensitivity
Input
Isolation
Damping
91
Airborne Noise Responder Treatment
• Absorb noise at listener
• Block noise at listener
• Breakup of acoustic wave pattern
Design action(s):
• Surround listener with absorbing materials
• Ear plugs
• Design the surrounding geometry to avoid standing waves
• Add active noise cancellation/control devices
92
Airborne NVH

Sensitivity
Customer
Structure-borne
Isolation
Excitation
Stiffness
NVH
Structure
Source, Energy
Sensitivity
Input
Isolation
Damping
93
Design Principles – Structureborne NVH
• Structureborne NVH is created due to

interaction between source, path,and
responder.
• Frequency separation strategy for
excitation forces, path resonance and
structural modes needs to be planned &
achieved to avoid NVH issues.
94
• What happens if frequencies align?
• If a structural element having a natural

frequency of f is excited by a coupled
source at many frequencies, including f,
it will resonate, and could cause a
concern depending on the path.
(This is exactly like a tuning fork.)
95
The steering column vibration will have an extra large peak if the
steering column mode coincides with the overall bending mode.
96
Natural frequencies of major structures need to be separated to
avoid magnification.
97
In addition to adopting the modal

separation strategy, other principles are
listed below:
• Reduce excitation sources
• Increase isolation as much as possible
• Reduce sensitivity of structural response.
98
Airborne NVH

Sensitivity
Customer
Structure-borne
Isolation
Excitation
Stiffness
NVH
Structure
Source, Energy
Sensitivity
Input
Isolation
Damping
99
Excitation Source
Mechanism:
• Excitation source can be shown in the form of forces
or vibrations. They are created by the movement of
mass due to mechanical, chemical, or other forms of
interactions.
• Reduce the level of interactions as much as possible.
• Take additional actions when it is impossible to
reduce interactions.
100
Excitation Source
Design action(s):
• Achieve high overall structural rigidity
• Minimize unbalance
• Achieve high stiffness at attachment points of

the excitation objects
101
Excitation Source
A/C Compressor – Bad Example
Cantilever
Effect 
Less Rigid
102
Excitation Source
A/C Compressor - Good Example
103
Airborne NVH

Sensitivity
Customer
Structure-borne
Isolation
Excitation
Stiffness
NVH
Structure
Source, Energy
Sensitivity
Input
Isolation
Damping
104
Path - Isolation Strategy
Mechanism:
• Path transfers mechanical energy in the form of
forces or vibration. Normally path is
mathematically simulated by spring or damper.
• Force or Vibration is normally controlled through
maximizing transmission loss.
– In the frequency range of system resonance, controlling
damping is more effective for maximizing transmission loss.
– In the frequency range outside of the system resonance,
controlling stiffness or mass is more effective for maximizing
transmission loss.
105
Design action(s):
• Maximize damping in the frequency range of
system resonance by using higher damped
materials, (e.g. hydraulic engine mounts). Tuned
damper can also be used.
• Adjust spring rate (e.g. flexible coupler or rubber
mount) to avoid getting into resonant region and
maximize transmission loss
• If nothing else works or is available, use dead
mass as tuning mechanism.
106
Tuning and Degree of Isolation
By moving
natural
frequency down
for this system
it increased
damping at 100
Hz
107
Airborne NVH

Sensitivity
Customer
Structure-borne
Isolation
Excitation
Stiffness
NVH
Structure
Source, Energy
Sensitivity
Input
Isolation
Damping
108
Structure Sensitivity Strategy
Mechanism:
• Structural motion that results when input force
causes the structure to respond at its natural modes
of vibration.
• Reduce the amplitude of structural motions by
– controlling stiffness and mass (quantity and
distribution),
– managing excitation input locations
109
Design action(s):
• Select architecture that can provide the maximal
structural stiffness by properly placing and
connecting structure members.
• Use damping materials to absorb mechanical energy
at selected frequencies.
• Distribute structural mass to alter vibration frequency
or mode shape.
• Locate excitation source at nodal points of structural
modes.
110
Body Modes and Body Architecture
How Does Architecture Influence Body NVH?
 Governs the way external loads are reacted to and distributed throughout the
vehicle
 Affects Stiffness, Mass Distribution & Modes
What Controls Body Architecture?

 Mechanical Package
 Interior Package
 Styling
 Customer Requirements
 Manufacturing
 Fixturing
 Assembly Sequence
 Stamping
 Welding
 Material Selection
111
112
113
Body Modes and Mass Distribution
Effect of Mass Placement on Body Modes
• Adding mass to the body lowers the mode frequency
• Location of the mass determines how much the mode frequency changes.
114
 Metrics used to quantify

body structure vibration
modes :
 Global dynamic and static

response for vertical / lateral
bending and torsion
 Local dynamic response

(point mobility – V/F) at body
interfaces with major
subsystems
115
Guideline: Body Modes & Force Input Locations
Where Possible Locate Suspension & Powertrain Attachment
Points to Minimize Excitation:
– Forces applied to the body should be located near nodal points.
– Moments applied to the body should be located near anti-
nodes.
116
Conclusions:
• The body structure is highly interactive with other

subsystems from both design and functional
perspective. Trade-offs between NVH and other
functions should be conducted as soon as possible.
• Once the basic architecture has been developed, the
design alternatives to improve functions become
limited.
Guiding Heuristic:
- Know what to get right first and what can be tuned later
117
– Airborne NVH
• Impactive Noise
• Summary
118
Wind Noise Example
• Any noise discernible by the human ear
which is caused by air movement around the
vehicle.
• Sources: aerodynamic turbulence, cavity
resonance, and aspiration leaks.
• Paths: unsealed holes or openings and
transmission through components.
119
Wind Noise Example
Wind Noise Target Cascade Diagram
Vehicle level
Wind Noise Transmission
Loss
Excitation
Sources
Seals
Antenna /
Accessories Green House
Shape Aspiration Glass / Panels
Leaks
Mirror
Shape
Open Static
Windows / Sealing
Sunroof Dynamic
Door
Sealing
System
Stiffness
120
Wind Noise Example
121
Wind Noise Example
Aerodynamic excitation
• A-pillar vortex • Exterior ornamentation
• turbulence
Mirror wake
• • Cavity resonances
Antenna vortex
• Air flow induced panel
• Wiper turbulence
resonances
• Windshield turbulence
• Air extractor noise ingress
• Leaf screen turbulence
• Door seal gaps, margins
and offsets
122
Wind Noise Example
Aspiration leakage
• Dynamic sealing • Static sealing
– Closures – Fixed backlite
• Dynamic weatherstrip – Exterior mirror seal
• Glass runs – Air extractor seal
• Beltline seals – Moon roof
• Drain holes – Door handle & lock
– Moon roof – Exterior door handles
• Glass runs – Windshield
– Backlite slider – Trim panel & watershield
• Glass runs – Floor panel
• Latch – Rocker
123
– Airborne NVH
• Impactive Noise
• Summary
124
Design For NVH
2002 Mercury Mountaineer SUV – Case Study
• Creating a quieter and more pleasant cabin

environment, as well as reducing overall
noise, vibration, and harshness levels, were
major drivers when developing the 2002
Mercury Mountaineer.
“The vehicle had more than 1,000 NVH targets, that fell
into three main categories: road noise, wind noise,
and powertrain noise. No area of the vehicle was
immune from scrutiny”– Ray Nicosia, Veh. Eng. Mgr.
125
Design For NVH
2002 Mercury Mountaineer SUV
The body shell is 31% stiffer than previous model, and exhibits a 61%
improvement in lateral bending. Laminated steel dash panel, and magnesium
cross beam were added.
126
Design For NVH
2002 Mercury Mountaineer SUV
• Improved chassis rigidity via a fully boxed frame with a 350%
increase in torsional stiffness and a 26% increase in vertical and
lateral bending.
127
Design For NVH
2002 Mercury Mountaineer
“Aachen Head” was used to improve Mountaineer’s Speech Intelligibility Rating to a
85%. A rating of 85% means passengers would hear and understand 85% of
interior conversation. Industry % average for Luxury SUV is upper 70s.
128
Design For NVH
2002 Mercury Mountaineer
Body sculpted for less wind resistance with glass and door edges
shifted out of airflow.
129
DFNVH Summary
• Preventing NVH issues up front through
proper design is the best approach –
downstream find-and-fix is usually very
expensive and ineffective
• Follow systems engineering approach – use
cascade diagram to guide development target
setting. Cascade objective vehicle level
targets to objective system and component
targets
130
DFNVH Summary
• Use NVH health chart (design guides)
to track design status
• Always address sources first
• Avoid alignment of major modes
• Use the Source-Path-Responder
approach
131
References
• Ford-Intranet web site:
– http://www.nvh.ford.com/vehicle/services/training
• General NVH
• NVH Awareness
• NVH Jumpstart
• NVH Literacy
• Wind Noise
• Handbook of Noise Measurement by Arnold P.G.
Peterson, Ninth Edition, 1980
• Sound and Structural Vibration by Frank Fahy,
Academic Press, 1998
• http://www.needs.org - Free NVH courseware
132
References
• "Body Structures Noise and Vibration Design Guidance",
Paul Geck and David Tao, Second International Conference in
Vehicle Comfort, October 14-16, 1992, Bologna, Italy.
• "Pre-program Vehicle Powertrain NVH Process", David Tao,
Vehicle Powertrain NVH Department, Ford Advanced Vehicle
Technology, September, 1995.
• Fundamentals of Noise and Vibration Analysis for
Engineers, M.P. Norton, Cambridge University Press, 1989
• Modern Automotive Structural Analysis, M. Kamal,J. Wolf
Jr., Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1982
• http://www.nvhmaterial.com
• http://www.truckworld.com
• http://www.canadiandriver.com
133

Lecture 6 - Noise & Vibration: AUTO 501 - Automotive System Design Professor Harvey Bell Professor David Tao June 9, 2016

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Lecture 6 - Noise & Vibration

AUTO 501 – Automotive System Design

Professor Harvey Bell

Comprehensively address the drivers of customer satisfaction –

• Noise/Sound - What customer/driver hears

Human Ear Sensitivity

NVH Characteristic Frequency (Hz)

• Treatment / Countermeasure: Damping or Isolation

Design Parameters for Barriers:

Design Parameters for Absorbers:

•Area of absorbing material (as large as possible)

•Type of material (cost/weight)

Note: Temperature range of interest is very important because

“NVH is overwhelmingly important to

Richard Parry-Jones, November 1999

• NVH impacts Customer Satisfaction

• NVH impacts Warranty

• NVH has financial impact

Summary of Customer Importance

• Customers place a high value on NVH

Often times, cost and weight targets prevent

What do you do?

• About 1/5 of all Warranty costs are NVH-

• To remain competitive, determine and

• Don't confuse the functioning of the parts

Program Program Program Final Engineering

Proto Build & Test

System (SDS - Force, Sensitivity,......)

Subsystem (stiffness, ....)

Program Specific Wants Vehicle Assumptions Fixed System & Sub-System

Component End Item

Is Gross Architecture Feasible? Development

• For example, on the basis of economics and timing,

• If a convertible is to be offered, it should be realized

NVH Functional Attribute

ACCELERATION DECELERATION TRANSIENTS

ACCELERATION TAKE-OFF ENGINE START

P/T RADIATED AIRBORNE BODY ACOUSTIC MOUNT

NVH Classification Parameters

•Phenomenon (boom, shake, noise…) this is strongly

•Source (powertrain, road, wind ..etc)

•Classifying NVH problems provides a guidance for

• The customer’s experience of NVH problems involves

Drone Large amplitude pure tone in the region 100-200 hz

Growl Modulated low/medium frequency broad band noise

Whine Mid-frequency to high frequency pure tone (possibly

Excitation Sensitivity Response

Excitation Source Examples: • Engine Firing Pulses

Excitation Sensitivity Response

Example: Body Sensitivity

Acoustic Interior Sound

 Airborne (p/p) STRUCTURE

(Airborne sound pressure induced by pressure waves) p (dB)

Body Sensitivity Demonstration

Point Mobility Point Mobility (V/F)

Excitation Sensitivity Response

Response: Objective Subjective

Tire/Wheel Modes & Suspension/Frame Body Design

What is Sound Quality?