PHILLIPPINE

ECONOMICS
AND THE
GOVERNMENT
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION
MALOLOS
First Philippine
CONSTITUTIO
Constitution
N

1935
Commonwealth
CONSTITUTIO
Constitution
N

1973
Bagong
CONSTITUTIO
Lipunan
N

1987
Freedom
CONSTITUTIO
Constitution

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N
 Malolos Constitution
THE MALOLOS CONSTITUTION

The 1935 Constitution was written in 1934, approved and

The Malolos Constitution was the first republican
adopted by the Commonwealth of the Philippines (1935-
constitution in Asia. It declared that sovereignty resides
1946) and later used by the Third Republic of the
exclusively in the people, state, and called for the creation
Philippines (1946-1972). It was written with an eye to
of an Assembly of Representatives to act as the legislative
meeting the approval of the United States Government as
body. It also called for a Presidential form of government
well, so as to ensure that the U.S. would live up to its
with the president elected for a term of four years by a
promise to grant the Philippines independence and not
majority of the Assembly. It was titled “Constitution
have a premise to hold onto its possession on the grounds
politica”, and was written in Spanish following the
that it was too politically immature and hence unready for
declaration of independence from Spain, proclaimed on
full, real independence.
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January 20, 1899, and was encated and ratified by the
Malolos Congress, a Congress held in Malolos, Bulacan.l.
 Martial Law Constitution (1973) FREEDOM CONSTITUTION (1987)
1973 Constitution of the Philippines 1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE PHILIPPINES

The 1973 Constitution, promulgated after

Marcos’ declaration of martial law, was
supposed to introduce a parliamentary-style Following the EDSA People Power Revolution that
government. Legislative power was vested in a removed President Ferdinand E. Marcos from office,
the new President, Corazon C. Aquino issued
National Assembly whose members were
Proclamation No. 3 as a provisional constitution. It
elected for six-year terms. The President was adopted certain provisions from the 1973 constitution
ideally supposed to be elected as the symbolic and granted the President broad powers to
and purely ceremonial head of state from the reorganize the government and remove officials from
members of the National Assembly for a six- office, and mandated that the president would
year term and could be re-elected to an appoint a commission to draft a new constitution.
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unlimited number of terms.
 CONCEPT OR DEFINITION OF THE PHILIPPINE
GOVERNMENT AND IT’S BRANCHES

LEGISLATIVE EXECUTIVE JUDICIAL

.

Concept or
Definition
The Philippines is a
republic with a
presidential form of
government wherein
power is equally divided
among its three branches:
executive, legislative, and
judicial. The government
seeks to act in the best
interests of its citizens
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through this system of

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check and balance.
 JUDICIA
LEGISLAT EXECUTI
IVE L
VE

The Legislative The Judicial branch

branch is authorized evaluates laws. It holds
to make laws, alter, The Executive branch the power to settle
and repeal them carries out laws. It is controversies involving
through the power composed of the rights that are legally
vested in the President and the Vice demandable and
Philippine Congress. President who are enforceable. This
This institution is elected by direct branch determines
divided into the Senate popular vote and serve a whether or not there
and the House of term of six years. The has been a grave abuse
Representatives. Constitution grants the of discretion amounting
President authority to to lack or excess of
appoint his Cabinet. jurisdiction on the part
These departments form and instrumentality of
a large portion of the the government. It is
country’s bureaucracy. made up of a Supreme
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Court and lower courts.
 History of Philippine Government

Systems of Philippine Government

Ferdinand Magellan came to the Philippines on The system of government in the Philippine is a presidential
March 16, 1521 and claimed the country for the system that is a democratic and republican government
Spanish Crown. A colonial government was whereby the president is both the head of state and the head of
established in Manila in 1571.As an offshoot, the government. This system revolves around three separate and
Philippines was ceded to America by Spain through sovereign yet interdependent branches: the legislative branch
the Treaty of Paris. Under American rule, agriculture, (the law-making body), the executive branch (the law-
commerce, and trade developed. enforcing body), and the judicial branch (the law-interpreting
body).

The Philippines is also a unitary state in which governed under

a presidential representative and democratic and a
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constitutional republic where the President functions as both
the head of state and the head of government.
 List of Government Department/Cabinet
Secretaries and Undersecretaries
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 FORMS OF GOVERNMENNT
OF THE PHILIPPINES

 The Philippines is a republic with

a presidential form of
government wherein power is
equally divided among its three
branches: executive, legislative,
and judicial. The government
seeks to act in the best interests
of its citizens through this system
of check and balance.
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 History of Philippine Constitution  The 1935 Constitution of the Philippines, ratified on May 17, 1935,
establishes the Commonwealth of the Philippines, defining its
powers, composition and organization as it function as the
Government of the Philippine Islands. It is based on the principle of
separation of powers among the three branches of government.
Executive power is vested in the President and shall serve for a
single-six year term. Legislative power is vested in a unicameral
National Assembly, and judicial power is exercised by the Supreme
Court. It also provides that upon proclamation of Philippine
Independence, the Commonwealth of the Philippines shall be known
as the Republic of the Philippines.

 The 1939 Amendment -- The amendments liberalized all laws and

made few changes on the economic provisions of the Tydings-
Mcduffie Law.
 The 1940 Amendments -- The amendments, by virtue of Resolution
No. 73, provide for the establishment of a bicameral Congress,
 The 1897 Constitution of Biak-na-Bato, or Constitution Halal sa composed of a Senate and a House of Representatives, and limits the
Biak-na-Bato, promulgated by the Philippine Revolutionary term of office of the President to four years, but may continue to
Government on November 1, 1897, is the provisionary Constitution serve for a maximum of eight years. The amendment also provides
of the Philippine Republic during the Revolution against Spain. It for the creation of a Commission on Elections.
provides that the Supreme Council, vested with the supreme power
of government, shall conduct foreign relations, war, the interior, and  The 1947 Amendment -- known as the Parity Amendment, gave
the treasury. Americans equal rights with Filipinos in the exploitation of
Philippine Natural resources.
 The 1899 Political Constitution of the Republic, known as the  The 1943 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines, or the
Malolos Constitution, was approved by President Emilio Aguinaldo Constitution of the Second Philippine Republic, was ratified by the
on January 21, 1899 and served as the Constitution of the First general assembly of the KALIBAPI. It is based on the system of
Philippine Republic. It provides for a parliamentary form of separation of powers among the executive, legislative, and the
government, but the President, and not a Prime Minister, acts as the judiciary. It served as a temporary constitution, for it stipulated that
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head of government. Legislative power is exercised by the Assembly

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one year after the end of the World War II, it shall be replaced by a
of Representatives of the Nation, and judicial power is lodge in a new constitution.
Supreme Court.

.
 History of Philippine Constitution 1987
 The 1973 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines, or Ang Saligang
 Aquino began her term by repealing many of the
Batas ng Pilipinas, ratified by the Citizens Assemblies on January 17, 1973, Marcos-era regulations that had repressed the people
provides for a shift from a presidential form of government to a for so long. In March, she issued a unilateral
parliamentary system. The President serves as a symbolic head of State, proclamation establishing a provisional constitution.
executive power is exercised by the Prime Minister with the assistance of This constitution gave the President broad powers and
great authority, but Aquino promised to use them only
the Cabinet, and legislative power is vested in a unicameral National
to restore democracy under a new constitution. This
Assembly. In 1976, the National Assembly was replaced by the Batasang new constitution was drafted in 133 days by an
Pambansa, by virtue of PD 1033 issued by President Ferdinand Marcos. appointed Constitutional Commission of 48 members
and ratified by the people in a plebiscite held on
 The 1973 Constitution as amended (amended in 1981 and 1984) February 2, 1987. It was largely modelled on the
provides for a semi-parliamentary form of government, where the American Constitution which had so greatly
President, no longer acts as a symbolic head, but acts as the head of state influenced the 1935 Constitution, but it also
and the chief executive. The Office of the President has been restored to incorporated Roman, Spanish, and Anglo law.
its original status under the 1935 Constitution. Legislative power is
vested in a unicameral Batasang Pambansa. The Prime Minister, who is
 The 1987 Constitution established a representative
subordinated to the President, acts as the Head of the Cabinet. democracy with power divided among three separate
 and independent branches of government: the
The 1986 Provisional Constitution, popularly known as the Freedom
Executive, a bicameral Legislature, and the Judiciary.
Constitution, promulgated by President Corazon C. Aquino on March There were three independent constitutional
25, 1986, was a provisional constitution after a successful People Power commissions as well: the Commission on Audit, the
Revolution. Under the Freedom Constitution, executive and legislative Civil Service Commission, and the Commission on
powers are exercised by the President, and shall continue to exercise Elections. Integrated into the Constitution was a full
Bill of Rights, which guaranteed fundamental civil and
legislative powers until a legislature is elected and convened under a
and political rights, and it provided for free, fair, and
new Constitution. Furthermore, the President is mandated to convene a periodic elections. In comparison with the weak
Constitutional Commission tasked to draft a new charter. document that had given Marcos a legal fiction behind
which to hide, this Constitution seemed ideal to many
Filipinos emerging from 20 years of political
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.
repression and oppression.
 Functions of Government Structure of Government

A government's basic functions

are providing leadership,
maintaining order, providing
public services, providing
national security, providing
economic security, and
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providing economic assistance.
 Local Government units governance Historical Development of the
Philippine Government

02 03
01
Spanish American
Colonial Rule Occupation and
1521-1898
The First Republic Commonwealth
Years 1898-1944
Pre-
(Malolos Republic) Japanese
1899
Interregnum
Colonial Under dispute Haring
Bayang Katagalugan 1941-1944
Philippin (Sovereign Tagalog
Nation) 1896-1897
es

Officially local government in the 04 05 06

Philippines, often called local government
units or LGUs, are divided into three The The Restoration
levels – provinces and independent cities; Golden
.
Dictatorshi of
component cities and municipalities; and Years of Democracy
p 1972-
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barangays. (Fifth
Democracy 1986 Republic)
1946-1972 1986-NOW
The Philippine Government during the
Pre-Spanish

DATU
 Each barangay was ruled by a chief called
 Prior to the arrival of the Spaniards, the Philippines
datu in some places, and rajah, sultan or
was composed of settlements or villages, each called
barangay, named after balangay, a Malayan word
hadji in others. He was its chief executive,
meaning “boat”. law giver, chief judge, and military head. In
the performance of his duties, however, he
 Every barangay was virtually a state, for it possessed was assisted usually by a council of elders
the four basic elements of statehood. At times, (maginoos) which served as his advertisers.
however, some barangays joined together as In form, the barangay was monarchy with
“confederations” mainly for the purpose of mutual the wealth, or physical prowess.
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protection against common enemies.
 SOCIAL CLASSES IN THE BARANGAY
The people of the barangay were divided into four
classes, namely: the nobility (maharlika), to which the datu
belonged, the freemen (timawa), the serfs (aliping
namamhay), and the slaves (aliping sagigilid).

EARLY LAWS
The early Filipinos had both written and unwritten
laws. The written laws were promulgated by the datus. The
two known written codes in the pre-Spanish era are the
“Maragtas Code” which was said to have been written about
1250 A.D by Datu Sumakwel of Panay, and the Kalantiaw
Code written in 1433 A.D by Datu Kalantiaw, also of Panay.

COMPARISON WITH OTHER ANCIENT

GOVERNMENT

It can be said that the laws of the barangay were

generally fair. The system of government, although defective
was not so bad considering the conditions in other lands in
the age during which it flourished.
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The Philippine Government during the SPANISH COLONIAL GOVERNMENT
Spanish Period From 1863, the military of Ultramar (colonies) exercised
general powers of supervision over Philippine affairs. Three
times during the Spanish period (1810-1813, 1820-1823, and
1836-1837), the Philippines was given representation in the
Spanish Cortes, the legislative body of Spain.

GOVERNMENT IN THE PHILIPPINE UNITARY

The government which Spain established in the Philippines
was centralized in structure and national in scope. The
barangays were consolidated into towns each headed by a
GOBERNADORCILLO, popularly called Capitan, and the
towns into provinces, each headed by a governor who
represented the Governor General in the province.
SPAIN’S TITLE TO THE PHILIPPINES
It was based on the discovery made by Ferdinand Magellan in
THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL
1521, consummated by its conquest by Miguel Lopez de Legaspi The power of the government were actually exercised by the
45 years later and long possession for almost four centuries, until Governor-General who resided in Manila. He was
it was terminated in 1898, when by the Treaty of Paris, the “Governor-General” “Captain-General”, and “vice-royal
Philippines was ceded by Spain to the United States. patron.” As Governor-General, he had executive,
administrative, legislative and judicial powers.
SPANISH COLONIAL GOVERNMENT
From 1565 to 1821, the Philippines was indirectly governed As Captain-General, he was Commander-in-Chief of all the
by the King of Spain through Mexico. From 1821 when Mexico Armed Forces in the Philippines. As the vice-royal patron, he
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obtained her independence from Spain, to 1898, the Philippines
was ruled directly from Spain.
exercised certain religious powers.
PAGE 32 Philippine government during the Japanese Regime

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 Philippine Government during the
American Regime
THE CIVIL GOVERNMENT
Pursuant to the so-called Spooner Amendment (on the
army appropriation act passed in the US Congress on
March 3, 1901) which ended the military regime in the
Philippines, the Civil Government was inaugurated in
Manila on July 4, 1901.

The Civil Governor whose positions was created on

October 29, 1901. The Civil Governor, also exercised
legislative powers. He remained as President of the
Philippine Commission, the sole law-making body of the
government from 1901 to 1907.
THE MILITARY GOVERNMENT
The American military rule in the Philippines began on April 4, From 1907 to 1916, the Philippine Commission acted as
1898, the day after the capture of Manila. The existence of was the upper house of the legislative branch with the
gave the President of the United States the power to establish a Philippine Assembly serving as the lower house. With the
Military Government in the Philippines, as Commander-in-Chief passage of the Spooner Law in 1916, these two bodies
of all Armed Forces of the United States. gave way to the Philippine Legislature. The Philippines was
His authority was delegated to the military governor who
represented in the United States by two Resident
exercised as long as the war lasted, all powers of government – Commissioners who were elected the Philippine
executive, legislative and judicial. Legislature.
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The first American Military Governor was General Wesley
Merritt, the second was General Elwell E. Otis, and the third and
last was Major General Arthur MacArthur.
 The Philippine Government during
during the post war period
COMMONWEALTH
GOVERNMENT OF THE
PHILIPPINES
The next stage in the political development of the
Filipinos was the establishment of the Commonwealth
Government of the Philippines pursuant to an act of the
United States Congress on March 24, 1934, commonly The Philippines passed from the
known was the Tydings-McDuffie Law. Commonwealth stage to that of independence
on July 4, 1946. The government of the new
Among other things, the law provided for a transition member of the international community was
period of ten years during which the Philippines based on the same instrument as that of the
Commonwealth would operate and at the expiration of Commonwealth, the Constitution of 1935, as
said period on July 4, 1896, the independence of the amended in 1940. As put by the late Dr. J.R
Philippines would be proclaimed and established. Hayden.
The new government of the Commonwealth of the
Philippines, deemed successor to the Government of the
Philippine Islands, was inaugurated on November 15, 1935,
following the first national election under the 1935
Constitution held on September 12, 1935, with Manuel L.
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Quezon and Sergio Osmeña, as President and Vice-

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President, respectively.
 Philippine Government Martial law
 The declaration issued under Proclamation 1081 suspended the
civil rights and imposed military authority in the country.

 Marcos defended the declaration stressing the need for extra

powers to quell the rising wave of violence allegedly caused by
communists.

 The emergency rule was also intended to eradicate the roots of

rebellion and promote a rapid trend for national development.

 The autocrat assured the country of the legality of Martial Law

emphasizing the need for control over civil disobedience that
displays lawlessness.

 Marcos explained citing the provisions from the Philippine

Constitution that Martial Law is a strategic approach to legally
defend the Constitution and protect the welfare of the Filipino
people from the dangerous threats posed by Muslim rebel groups
 At 7:17 pm on September 23, 1972,[1] President Ferdinand Marcos and Christian vigilantes that places national security at risk during
announced that he had placed the entirety of the Philippines under the time.
martial law.[2] This marked the beginning of a 14-year period of one-
man rule which would effectively last until Marcos was exiled from  Marcos explained that martial law was not a military takeover but
the country on February 24, 1986. Even though the formal document was then the only option to resolve the country’s dilemma on
proclaiming martial law. rebellion that stages national chaos threatening the peace and order
of the country.
 Proclamation of Martial Law: On September 21, 1972,President
Ferdinand E. Marcos placed the Philippines under Martial Law.
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 The emergency rule, according to Marcos’s plan, was to lead the

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country into what he calls a “New Society”.
  Marcos used several events to justify martial law. Threat to the
 Martial law ceased the clash between the executive and legislative
country’s security was intensifying following the re-establishment of
branches of the government and a bureaucracy characterized by
the Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) in 1968.
special interest.
 Supporters of CPP’s military arm, the New People’s Army, also grew
 Marcos started to implement reforms on social and political values
in numbers in Tarlac and other parts of the country. The alleged
that hindered effective modernization.
attempt to the life of then Minister of Defense Juan Ponce Enrile gave
Marcos a window to declare Martial Law.
 To match the accomplishments of its Asian neighbors, Marcos
 Marcos announced the emergency rule the day after the shooting imposed the need for self-sacrifice for the attainment of national
welfare. His reforms targeted his rivals within the elite depriving
incident. Marcos also declared insurgency in the south caused by the
them of their power and patronage but did not affect their supporters
clash between Muslims and Christians, which Marcos considered as a
(US Library of Congress, Martial Law and the Aftermath).
threat to national security. The Muslims were defending their
ancestral land against the control of Christians who migrated in the
 Thirty-thousand opposition figures including Senator Benigno
area. The minority group organized the Moro National Liberation
Aquino, journalists, student and labor activists were detained at
Front (MNLF) in Malaysia and pushed for the autonomy of Mindanao
military compounds under the President’s command (Proclamation
from the national government.
1081 and Martial Law).
 The move was initially supported by most Filipinos and was viewed
by some critics as a change that solved the massive corruption in the
country.
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  The army and the Philippine Constabulary seized weapons and  These efforts including the exposure of numerous human rights
disbanded private armies controlled by prominent politicians and violations pushed Marcos to hold an election in 1978 and 1981 in
other influential figures (Proclamation 1081 and Martial Law). an aim to stabilize the country’s chaotic condition.

 Marcos took control of the legislature and closed the Philippine  Marcos in both events, won the election; however, his extended
Congress (Proclamation 1081 and Martial Law). Numerous media term as President of the Republic of the Philippines elicited an
outfits were either closed down or operated under tight control extensive opposition against his regime.
(Proclamation 1081 and Martial Law).

 Marcos also allegedly funneled millions of the country’s money by  Social unrest reached its height after former Senator Benigno
placing some of his trusted supporters in strategic economic Aquino was murdered. The incident sent thousands of Filipinos to
positions to channel resources to him. Experts call this the “crony the streets calling for Marcos’ removal from post. Turning again to
capitalism.” his electoral strategy,

 The deterioration of the political and economic condition in the  Marcos held a snap election in 1986 but what he hoped will satisfy
Philippines triggered the decline of support on Marcos’ plans. More the masses only increased their determination to end his rule that
and more Filipinos took arms to dislodge the regime. Urban poor seated Corazon Aquino, widow of Benigno Aquino, as
communities in the country’s capital were organized by the
Philippine Ecumenical Council for Community and were soon  President of the Philippines ousting Marcos from Malacañang
conducting protest masses and prayer rallies. Palace and ending the twenty-one years of tyrant rule.
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 Philippine Government during the The Philippine Government under
new society Duterte Administration

The administration of Preisdent Rodrigo Duterte continues to focus on

inclusive growth and reducing income inequality in the Philippines

The successful implementation of public infrastructure upgrades under the

Build, Build, Build program is also an essential part of spring sustainable
growth, alongside efforts to reduce red tape and improve access to credit for
individual and small businesses. Although the government has taken steps to
stimulate inclusive growth and rural development, poverty rates remain high in
spite of recent economic expansion.
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 Other topics about history of phil.
government
One of the most notable changes in policy under Duterte
Administration involves the cultivation of stronger ties with
China, which has been met with some political and grassroots
opposition. However, President Duterte’s most visible campaign
has focused on the eradication of crime and illegal substance
use. While these efforts have resulted in mass surrenders to the
police, the campaign has faced criticism from both local and
global organizations due to concerns over human rights
violations. The government nevertheless maintains a high
approval rating and popularity.
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THANK YOU