Development of Pituitary Gland From Pices To Mammalians

Development of pituitary
gland from Pisces to

Mammalian
Presented by
Saba Noor
Roll no# 19012514-039
Histology of pituitary gland in fishes:
• Location:
• Ventral surface of brain below optic chiasma.
• Derivation: It is derived from two different components. The

neurohypophysis develops from the floor of the embryonic diencephalon
while the adenohypophysis from the dorsal evagination of the
ectodermal part of buccal cavity called Rathke’s pouch.
• This pouch later looses its connection from the buccal cavity and
remains permanently connected to neurohypophysis during the rest of
the life.
• The two ectodermal components come together along with little amount
of mesodermal tissue to give rise to the complex gland of adult fish.
Mesodermal tissues differentiate further and give rise to blood vessels,
supplying a copious amount of blood to the hypophysis.
• The hypophysis in adult fish occupies a position on the underside of the brain, in
the region of diencephalon and remains attached with it by a stalk called infunin a
shallow dibular stalk or neurohypophysial stalk. Ventrally, hypophysis lies well
protected depression, the Sella tunica, found in the sphenoidal area of the skull.
Structure:
• Histologically, the hypophysis comprises two basic components, the

adenohypophysis, a glandular part and the neurohypophysis, neural part.
• Adenohypophysis:
• Adenohypophysis has further three subdivisions namely, the rostral pars distalis,
the proximal pars distalis and the pars intermedia. These three subdivision were
earlier named as pro-adenohypophysis, meso- adenohypophysis and meta-
adenohypophysis respectively.
• The neurohypophysis has an anterior subdivision, the median eminence (only
present in dipnoans and tetrapod's) and a posterior or ventral subdivision, the pars
nervosa.
• Neurohypophysis:
• The neurohypophysis is composed of axonal nerve fibres, mostly non-
myelinated, originating from neural cell bodies in the hypothalamus. These
nerve fibers extend down the pituitary stalk (neurohypophyseal tract) into
the pituitary gland to form the main bulk of the neurohypophysis
(neurohypophysial core) which forms the centre of the whole gland.
• Histophysiology of Pituitary Gland:
• Hormones secreted by fish pituitary:
• Making use of hypophysectomy and injections of mammalian hormones, it
has been found that the fish pituitary emits at least nine different hormones
comparable with those of mammals. All the fish hormones are proteinious or
polypeptidal in nature. Various hormones of hypophysis are secreted by its
different cell types. They are released, to be taken away by blood stream to
the target tissues to affect their functioning as summarised in Table 1.
Pituitary gland in amphibians:
• This is a glandular structure attached to the hypophysis and located on the floor of the
diencephalon. The gland has two lobes: an anterior lobe and a posterior lobe. The
posterior lobe of the pituitary body secretes a hormone called pituitrin which regulates
the intake of water by the skin.
• Considering the fact that a toad hardly drinks water by the mouth, this is perhaps the
only means for the intake of water. Moreover, pituitrin enables the toad to change the
color of its skin by shifting the position of the chromatophores.
• The anterior lobe of the pituitary secretes a number of hormones. In tadpoles and young
toads, it secretes a growth-stimulating hormone and a thyroid-stimulating hormone. It
has been proved conclusively that the anterior pituitary, in collaboration with the
thyroid, regulates the process of metamorphosis by which a tadpole is changed into a
toad.
• In adult toads, the anterior lobe secretes:
• (i) A gonad-stimulating hormone which hastens the liberation of germ
cells,
• (ii) A metabolic hormone which stimulates metabolism in general, and
• (iii) Several other hormones for regulating the activity of other

endocrine glands. It is for this reason that the anterior pituitary is
regarded as the captain of the endocrine team.
Pituitary gland in Reptiles:
HISTOLOGY:
Pituitary gland of reptiles is a compact mass and its lobes are completely
covered with sella turcica of sphenoid bone and it is attached to
hypothalamus by a delicate stalk.
It is composed of two basic units
l) Neurohypophysis ll) Adenohypophysis
The Adenohypophysis include pars distalis (PD) and pars intermedia (PI).
The pars tuberalis is usually reduced in reptiles.
The pars distalis is major portion of pituitary which shows variation in
staining properties.
The different cell types are identified depending upon the staining
property of cell. The anterior pars distalis is rich in acidofils then the
posterior pars distalis during breeding season these cells are
differentiated as A1 and A2 cells.
Pituitary gland in birds:
• Histology:
• The pituitary gland is often called the master gland because many of
the compounds it produces target other similar glands to trigger them
to produce their compounds that, in turn, influence the functioning of
a particular system or organ. Thus, it can be said it is a controlling
gland.
• The pituitary gland is a pea-sized gland located at the base of the brain
and is well protected by the surrounding skull bones. It consists of two
parts:
• i. Anterior pituitary
• ii. Posterior pituitary
• The anterior pituitary gland is stimulated by special releasing factors
from the hypothalamus of the brain to produce and release a number of
hormones. These include:
• 1.Thyroid Stimulating Hormone – stimulates the thyroid gland.
• 2.Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone – stimulates the adrenal cortex.
• 3.Sex hormones – stimulates the sex glands
• Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
• Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH).
• 4.Melanin Stimulating Hormone – function in birds is unknown.
• 5.Natural Growth Hormone – stimulates growth of the animal.
• The quantity of these hormones produced by the pituitary gland will
influence the level of activity of the target organ or response. The more
that is produced, the greater will be the response
• The posterior pituitary gland produces arginine vasotocin and stores
oxytocin and Antidiuretic hormone (ADH, which is known as
vasopressin) that are produced by the hypothalamus.
• Oxytocin plays a part in the release of the yolk into the oviduct and
the actual laying of the egg or oviposition.
• Antidiuretic hormone acts on the kidney collecting ducts and
positively affect the reabsorption of water into the blood. The
secretions produced or stored in the pituitary gland enter the blood
stream and are then transported to the part of the body that they
target.
Pituitary gland in mammals:
The pituitary gland is small and oval-shaped. It’s located behind your nose,
near the underside of your brain. It’s attached to the hypothalamus by a
stalk-like structure.
• The hypothalamus is a small area of your brain. It’s very important in

controlling the balance of your bodily functions. It controls the release of
hormones from the pituitary gland.
• The pituitary gland can be divided into two different parts: the anterior
and posterior lobes.
•Anterior lobe:The anterior lobe of your pituitary gland is made up of several different types
of cells that produce and release different types of hormones, including:
•Growth hormone. Growth hormone regulates growth and physical development. It can
stimulate growth in almost all of your tissues. Its primary targets are bones and muscles.
•Thyroid-stimulating hormone. This hormone activates your thyroid to release thyroid
hormones. Your thyroid gland and the hormones it produces are crucial for metabolism.
•Adrenocorticotropic hormone. This hormone stimulates your adrenal glands to produce
cortisol and other hormones.
•Follicle-stimulating hormone. Follicle-stimulating hormone is involved with estrogen
secretion and the growth of egg cells in women. It’s also important for sperm cell
production in men.
•Luteinizing hormone. Luteinizing hormone is involved in the production of estrogen in
women and testosterone in men.
Prolactin. Prolactin helps women who are breastfeeding produce milk.
• Endorphins. Endorphins have pain-relieving properties and are
thought to be connected to the “pleasure centers” of the brain.
• Enkephalins. Enkephalins are closely related to endorphins and have
similar pain-relieving effects.
• Beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. This hormone helps to
stimulate increased pigmentation of your skin in response to exposure
to ultraviolet radiation.
• Posterior lobe
• The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland also secretes hormones. These
hormones are usually produced in your hypothalamus and stored in the
posterior lobe until they’re released.
• Hormones stored in posterior lobe include:
• Vasopression:
• This is also calles antidiuretic hormone it helps the body to conserve
water and prevents dehydration.
• Oxytocin:
• It stimulates the release of breast milk.it also stimulate contraction of
uterus during labor.

Development of Pituitary Gland From Pices To Mammalians

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Development of Pituitary Gland From Pices To Mammalians

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Development of pituitary

gland from Pisces to

• Derivation: It is derived from two different components. The

• Histologically, the hypophysis comprises two basic components, the

• (ii) A metabolic hormone which stimulates metabolism in general, and

• (iii) Several other hormones for regulating the activity of other

• The hypothalamus is a small area of your brain. It’s very important in

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