For Advanced Secondary 1

Students
Pelangi Kasih School Jakarta

Pure Mathematics
1

Chapter 1

QUADRATI
CS
 QUADRATICS
In this chapter you will learn how to:

 Know how to complete the square in a quadratic expression

 Know how to find discriminant of a quadratic polynomial and use the discriminant
 Be able to solve quadratics equations, and quadratics inequalities, in one unknown
 Be able to solve by subtitution a pair of simultaneous equations of which one is linear and
one is quadratic
 Recognise and solve equations in x that are quadratic in some function of x

Why do we study quadratics?

Quadratics functions have interesting properties that make them behave very differently form linear
functions. A quadratics function has a maximum or minimum value, and its graph has symmetry.

1. Solving quadratics equation by completing the square

If we have a simple expression like �2 + ��. What can we do?

As you can see �2 + ��can be rearranged nearly in a square and we can complete
𝑏
the
2𝑏 2
1.1:( ) , so the answer is (� + )
square 2 2
Examplewith
�2 + 6� + 7
Simplify it and we are done

The result:
�2 + 6� + 7 = (� + 3)2 − 2

Example 1.2
Express 3 − 4� − 2�2 in completed square form
3 − 4� − 2�2 = 3 − 2(�2 + 2�)

�2 + 2� = (� + 1)2 − 1
3 − 2(�2 + 2�) = 3 − 2{(� + 1)2 − 1}
3 − 2(� + 1)2 + 2 = 5 − 2(� + 1)2

Example 1.3
Express 12�2 − 7� − 12 in complete square form, and use your result to find the factor
of
12�2 − 7� − 12.
 7 7 49
12�2 − 7� − 12 = 12 (�2 −12�) − 12 = 12 {(� −24)2 − } − 12
7 576 7 2 25
= 12 {(� −625)2 − } = 12 { (� − ) − ( )2 }
24 24 24

576
You can use the formula�7 2 − 2�2 = (� − �)(� + 7 7
�) 12 { (� − 25 ) − ( ) 2 } = 12 (� −
25 − ) (� −25 + )
24 24 24 24 24
24 4 3
= 12 (� −3) (� + 4) = (3� − 4)(4� −
3)
The quadratics Formula
If ��2 + �� +
� = 0, where
a, b and c are
constants and
�≠
0

Example 1.4
2
Solve 4(2𝑥 +𝑥 −6) = 1

2�2 + �− 6 = log4
1

−1 ±2 √12 − 4 × 2 × −6
� 2� + � − 6 = 0
�1= 32 �2= −2 2×2
=
,
 Exercise:

1. Solve :
2 3
a. + =1
𝑥
𝑥𝑥+2
2 −2𝑥 −
b. =0
𝑥82 +7𝑥 +1
2
c. 0𝑥9 − = 0
7𝑥 +1
2. Find0the real solutions of the following equations.
a. 8(𝑥 2 +2𝑥 −15) =
b. (�2 + 2� − 14)5 = 1
1 2
c. (�2 − 11� + 29)(6𝑥 +𝑥 −2) = 1
3. Express each of the following in the form (� + �)2 + �
a. �2 − 6�
b. �2 + 7� + 1
4. Express each of the following in the form �(� + �)2 + �
a. 2�2 − 12� + 19
b. 2�2 + 5� − 1
5. Express each of the following in the form � − �(� + �)2
a. 7 − 8� − 2�2
b. 13 + 4� − 2�2
6. The diagram shows a right-angled triangle with side x m, (2x+5)m 10
and 10 m. Find the value of x. Leave your answer in surd form. x

2x+5

2
4 9𝑥
7. The path of a projectile is given by the equation �= (√3)� − , where x and y are
9000
measured in metres.
y

(x,y)

O x
Range

a. Find the range of this projectile.

b. Find the maximum height reached by this projectile.
Answers

1.a. -1 ,4

b. 4

c. ±3

2. a. -5,3

b. -5,3
2 1
c. − , , 4, 6, 7
3 2

3. a. (� − 3)2 −
9 7
)2
245 4
b. (� + −
4. a. 2(� − 3)2 +
1 5
b. 2(� +4)2 − 338

5. a. 15 − 2(� +
2)2

b. 15 − 2(� − 1)2

6. √19 − 2
7. a. 9000√3 ≈
49
318𝑚
b. 9000 √3 ≈
98
159𝑚
2. Solving simultaneous equations ( one linear and one quadratics)

In this section, we shall learn how to solve simultaneous equations where one equation is
linear and the second equation equation is quadratics.

The coordinates of the point of intersection of the two graphs are (-1, -3) and (3,5)
The solutions can also be found algebraically:
� = �2 − 4.................(1)
� = 2� − 1 ...............(2)
Subtitute for y from equation (2) into equation (1)
2� − 1 = �2 − 4
�2 − 2� − 3 = 0
(� + 1)(� − 3) =
0
� = 1 or x=3
3. Maximum and minimum values of quadratics equation and solving quadratic inequalities
The shape of the graph of the function 𝑓(�) = ��2 + �� + � is called a parabola
 If a>0, the curve has a minimum point that occurs at the lowest point of the curve.
If a<0, the curve has a maximum point that occurs at the highest point of the curve.
Solving quadratic inequalities:
Solve �2 − 5� − 14 > 0
Sketch the graph of � = �2 − 5� − 14

When y=0, �2 − 5� − 14 = 0
(� + 2)(� − 7) =
0
X=-2 or x=7
The solution is x<-2 or x>7
The number of roots of a quadratics equation

The discriminant of ��2 + �� + � = 0 is �2 − 4��

The sign (positive, zero or negative) of discriminant tells us how many roots there are for a particular
quadratic equation.

�2 − 4�� Nature of roots

>0 Two distint real roots
=0 Two equal real roots (or 1 repeated real
root)

<0 No real roots

There is a connection between the roots of the quadratic equation ��2+ ��+ � and
the corresponding curve � = ��2+ �� + �.

�2 − 4�� Nature of roots of ��2 + �� Shape of curve �= ��2+ ��

+ +
�=0 �
>0 Two distint real roots The curve cuts the x-axis at two
distinct points.

=0 Two equal real roots (or 1 The curve touches the x-axis at
repeated real root) one point.

<0 No real roots The curve is entirely above or

entirely below the x-axis.

When considering the intersection of a straight line and a parabola, there are three possible
situations.

Situation 1 Situation 2 Situation 3

Two pointof intersection One point of intersection No points of intersection

The line cuts the curve at two The line touches the curve at The line does not intersect the
distinct points one point. This means that the curve.
line is a tangent to the curve

�2 − 4�� Nature of roots Line and curve

>0 Two distint real roots Two distinct points of
intersection
=0 Two equal real roots (or 1 One point of intersection (line
repeated real root) is a tangent)

<0 No real roots No points of intersection

Intersection of a line and a quadratic curve

Exercise:

1. Solve the simultaneous equations.

a. � = 6 − �
� = �2
b. 2� − � = 5
2�2 − 3�2 = 15
c. � + 2� = 6
�2 + �2 + 4�� = 24
2. The sum of the perimeters of two squares is 50 cm and the sum of the areas is 93.25 cm2.
Find the side length of each square.
3. The diagram shows a solid formed by joining a hemisphere, of radius r cm, to a cylinder, of
radius r cm and height h cm. The total height of the solid is 18 cm and the surface area is
205𝜋 cm2. Find the value of r and find the value fof h.

4. The line 7� + 2� = −20 intersects the curve �2 + 24� + 6� − 40 = 0 at the points A

and
B. Find the length of the line AB.
5. The straight line �= �+ 1 intersect the curve �2 − �= 5 at A lies below the x-axis and
the point P lies on AB such that AP:PB=4:1, find the coordinates of P
6. The line �− 2� = 1 intersect the curve �+ �2 = 5 at two points, A and B. Find
the equation of the perpendicular bisector of the line AB.
7. Find the real values of x that satisfy the following equations.
a. �4 − 13�2 + 36 = 0
b. 32�10 − 31�5 − 1 = 0
8. Solve:
a. 2�− 9√� + 10 = 0
9.
b. √�(√� + 1) = 6
(1,0) and ( 4 , 0) and it meets the y-axis at the point (0,7). Find the value of a, the value of b
and the value
The graph �=
showsof c. ��+ �√�+ � for �≥ 0. The graph
crosses the x-axis at the points
49
 10. Find the minimum value of �2 − 7� + 8 and the corresponding value of
x. 5
11. Find the range of value of x for which <0
2𝑥 2 +𝑥 −1
12. Solve: 5
𝑥
a. ≥3
𝑥−
1 2
𝑥 +4𝑥 −
b. 5 𝑥 2−
≤0
13. The equation
4 𝑘�2 + �� + 5 = 0 has repeated real roots. Find k in terms of p.
14. Prove that the roots of the equation 2𝑘�2 + 5� − 𝑘 = 0 are real and distinct for all
real value of k.

15.Prove that �2 + 𝑘� + 2 = 0 has real roots if 𝑘 ≥ 2√2. For which other values of k does the equation
have real roots?
16. The line � = 𝑘 − 3� is a tangent to the curve �2 + 2�� − 20 = 0.
a. Find the possible values of k.
b. For each of these values of k, find the coordinates of the point of the contact of the
tangent with the curve.
17. Find the sets of value of k for which the line �= 2� − 10 does not meet the curve �= �2
− 6� + 𝑘

Answers

1. a. (-3,9), (2,4)
b. (-3,1), (9,7)
c.
(2,2), (10,-2)
1
2. 3 cm and 9
cm
2
3. � = 5, ℎ =
13

4. 2√53
5. (2,3) 1
b. − , 1
6. (2,3) 21
8.
7. a.
a. 4,
±2,6 4±3
b. 4
9. a=2, b=-9, c=7
1
1
10. −4 when � = 3
4
2
 5
11. −3 < � <
2
3
12. a. 1 < � ≤2
b. −5 ≤ �< −2 �� 1
≤ �< 𝑝 2
13. 𝑘 = 2
20

14.Prove

15.Prove

16. a. ±10

b. (2,4), (-2,-4)
17. 𝑘 > 6