Female Reproductive Organs, Menstrual Cycles, and Fertilization

Female reproductive
organs, menstrual
cycles, and fertilization
By:
1. Desi Ayuningsih 180103021
2. Diah Tri Anggraini 180103023
3. Ririn Wahyu Utami 180103087
Female reproductive organs
Eksternal Internal
Function Female reproductive organs
eksternal
Labia
majora clitoris urethra
Is protecting the internal Which is to stimulate and Is to transport urine
organs of the vagina, while stimulate women ftom the bladder to
preventing vaginal opening the external
other than sexual activity chamber.
Is to protect the vaginal Is as a birth canal for babies Is storing faeces for a while, telling the
opening from small objects during labor and where blood brain to defecate immediately, and
that can enter the female comes out during helping to encourage faeces during
urinary tract, such as insects menstruation. bowel movements.
or dirt.
Labia vagina anus

minora
Function Female reproductive system
Internal UTERINE TUBE
FALLOPIAN TUBE
As a place for eggs to move from As a place for eggs to move from the
the ovary to the uterus during ovary to the uterus during ovulation
ovulation and as a meeting place and as meeting place for sperm cells
for sperm cells during fertilization during fertilization.
ENDOMETRIUM
FIMBRIAE
As a from of the boundary of
To catch mature ovum cells
the uterus and also to guard
released by the ovaries.
the uterine wall to be to attach
to each other by creating a
OVARY barrier fluid.
Secrete steroid hormones and
peptides such as estrogen and
progesterone. MYOMETRIUM
To do a separation on the
supravaginal part of the cervix
VAGINA CERVIX in the bladder.
Is as a birth canal for babies Is a barrier to bacteria that enter the
during labor and where blood uterus and mucus produced by the
comes out during cervical gland can keep sperm alive for
menstruation. 2-3 day
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Menstrual cycle
Is the entire uterine lining that is prepared for pregnancy. If
there is no egg fertilization by sperm cells, women will
experience menstrual processes every month. Owever, each
woman has a different cycle.
The process of menstruation is a cycle. Menstrual

cycles generally occur for 28 days, counting from
the first day of the current menstrual period to the
first day of the next menstrual period.
However, not all women have the same menstrual
cycle length. This cycle can sometimes come
sooner or even later, depending on the condition of
each woman.
Menstrual phase
01 In this phase, the inner lining of the uterus that contains
blood, cells of the uterine wall, and mucus, also known as
4 phases the endometrium, decays and exits through the vagina.
This process starts from the dirst day of the menstrual
of the cycle and can last from 4 to 6 days. At this stage, women
usually experience several symptoms, such as lower
menstrual abdominal pain and back due to the uterus to contract to
help shed the endometrium.
cycle:
Follicular phase
02 This stage occurs from the first day of
menstruation to enter the ovulation phase.
At this stage, the ovaries produce follicles
that contain ovum cells or egg cells. The
growth of the ovarian follicles then causes
the endometrium to become thicker. This
phase occurs on the 10th day of 28 days in
a menstrual cycle. Generally, the time
spent at this stage will determine how long
a woman’s menstrual cycle will last.
Ovulation phase
03 It this phase, the egg is released to be ready for
fertilization by sperm. The mature egg moves to the
fallopian tube and attaches to the uterine wall.
If no sperm enters to fertilize it, the egg will die.
4 phases However, if the eggmeets the sperm and is fertilized,
pregnancy can occur. This ovulation phase marks a
of the woman’s fertility and usually occurs about two weeks
before the next menstrual cycle begins.
menstrual
cycle: Luteal phase
04 After the ovulation phase, the follicle that has
ruptures ejects an egg to form the corpus luteum,
which triggers an increase in the hormone
progesterone to thicken the lining of the uterine
lining.
This phase is known as the premenstrual phase
which is characterized by symptoms, such as
enlarged breasts, pimples appear, the body fells
weak, becomes irritable or emotional.
Female
Reproductive system:
Fertilisation
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The oocyte is normally fertilised in
the fallopian tubes, and by the time it Content Here
reaches the uterus, 5 days later, it has You can simply impress your
audience and add a unique zing
already formed a blastocyst (see and appeal to your Presentations.
Easy to change colors, photos and
embryogenesis Text.
Although many sperm can reach the egg, and bind to
it, normally ony one sperm fuses with the plasma
membrane of the egg, and injects its nucleus. The
surface of the egg is covered with fine microvilli,
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which interact with the sperm, by clustering, and
elongating to hold the sperm firmly in position. A
protein called fertilin is important in the subsequent
fusion of the egg and sperm plasma membranes, but
the exact mechanism is still unclear.
Polyspermy: occurs if more than

one sperm fuses with the egg.
However, this results in extra mitotic
spindles, and faulty segregation of
chromosomes, nondiploid cells, and
development usually stops.
When the first sperm fuses, there is a rapid
depolarisation of the egg, that initially blocks entry of
further sperm. This also causes the levels of calcium
ions to increase, which initiate the cortical reaction.
The cortical reaction prevents further sperm entry after

the egg repolarises, as it results in the proteins in the
zona pellucida become 'hardened'.
Once fertilised, the egg is called a zygote.

Fertilisation is completed when the two haploid nuclei (pronuclei) come together and
combined their chromosomes into a single diploid nucleus (see diagram, adapted from
fig 20-34, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 4th edition).
The sperm contributes more DNA than the egg to the zygote, as well as the centriole
(Unfertilised human eggs do not have a centriole). The centriole is important for forming
the spindle. It replicates to form the first mitotic spindle in the zygote.
After this first division, the zygote then proceeds on to the process of forming an
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Female Reproductive Organs, Menstrual Cycles, and Fertilization

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Female reproductive

Labia vagina anus

The process of menstruation is a cycle. Menstrual

Polyspermy: occurs if more than

The cortical reaction prevents further sperm entry after

Once fertilised, the egg is called a zygote.

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