TUGHLAQ DYNASTY

1320-1413 AD

&
LODHI DYNASTY
1451-1526 AD PRESENTED BY:
- PIYUSH GOEL
- KAVYANKIT
MISHRA
- MANVI JAIN
B.ARCH II YEAR C
 BRIEF INTRODUCTION

 The Tughlaq dynasty was a MUSLIM dynasty of turko-indian

origin.
They ruled over the Delhi sultanate in medieval India.
 Its ruling started in 1320 AD in Delhi when GHAZI MALIK (the
founder of Tughlaq dynasty) assumed the throne under the title of
GHIYATH AL-DIN TUGHLAQ.
 The dynasty expanded its territorial reach through a military
campaign led by MUHAMMAD BIN TUGHLAQ.
 The dynasty ended in 1413 AD.
 REMARKABLE EXAMPLES OF
ARCHITECTURE OF LODHI DYNASTY
CONTENTS:
1.Brief introduction
2.Famous monuments:
* Tughlaqabad Fort
* Tomb of Giyas-ud-din Tughlaq
* Feroz Shah Kotla
* Hauz Khas
* Tomb of Telangani
TUGHLAQABAD FORT

Tughlaqabad fort is a ruined fort in delhi.

 Stretching across 6.5 Km.
 Built by Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq, the Delhi
sultanate of india in 1321.
 Massive structure that lies along the
Mehrauli-Badarpur road.
 WHY IT WAS CREATED?
• The massive fortifications of Tughlaqabad fort, with immense
circular bastions, were raised by Ghiyas-ud-din to protect his
subjects.
• One of his primary concerns was to build a capital that was
strong enough to repulse Mongol attacks and provide security to
its citizens.

CONSTRUCTION
• The fort was completed rapidly in a short span of four years
(1321-1325).
• The fort’s massive battlements and bastions, some as high as
15-30 m, built of enormous blocks of stone and walls 10 m thick.
• Within its sky touching walls, double storied bastions and
gigantic towers were housed grand palaces, splendid mosques
and audience halls.
PLAN OF TUGHLAQABAD FORT
 The pentagon shaped like plan is
guarded with parapet walls that
support massive cone-shaped
bastions at every intersection.

 The borderline walls are inclined

inwards and stand tall at a height of
11.75 M seen with continuous
battlements furnish with crenels.

 The arch shaped corridors and PLAN

concave chambers stretch along the
interiors of the courts borderline
wall.
 MILITARY STYLE OF ARCHITECTURE
 The crumbling ruins of this fort convey a sense of lost grandeur.
 The massive ramparts, battlements and the mammoth stonework
of this fort speak highly of the engineering skills of the workers
who constructed it.
 The fort served the dual purpose of a defensive structure as well
as imperial capital of Ghiyas-ud-din.

Ramparts leading to front entrance Battlements to attack on enemies

The most interesting structure within the fort is an
UNDERGROUND PASSAGEWAY with chambers along the
length linking to the palace area.
 WALLS
 Thick walls, capable of withstanding Mongol attacks.
 RUBBLE masonry to make up the shape of the structure.
 Huge SANDSTONE blocks, probably quarried from the
surrounding hills.

Circular bastion with defensive

Wall with rubble masonry barbican like parapet
TOMB OF GHIYAS-UD-DIN
TUGHLAQ
Situated in the south of the fortress of
Tughlaqabad fort.
 Built by GHIYAS-UD-DIN Tughlaq in AD 1325 with
an unusual irregular pentagonal fortified enclosure.
 A simple but elegant building.
 PLAN OF THE TOMB

AERIAL VIEW OF THE TOMB

 The tomb is connected to the fortress by a 228.6 m long causeway, that was
supported by 26 piers, arches and the crossed over the artificial lake connecting his
tomb with his fort.
But today lake or water reservoir is dry scrubland.

 The plan was dictated by the contours of the hillock just outside the southern
gates of the fortress over which this barbican like structure was planted.
 PLAN OF THE TOMB

AERIAL VIEW OF THE TOMB

Distinctive 75 degree outer walls, 20 sqm area of dome, 24 m height of tomb.

 With absence of any decoration or carvings on its exterior portion however

interior is overlaid with RED SANDSTONE and a decorative WHITE MARBLE.

 The interior diameter 10.41 m while the exterior diameter 13.41, dressed with
pointed dome rest on intersection of small arched corners.
KALASA OVER THE
MUSLIM DOME GRAVE

The dome is crowned with Here lies the remains of

the KALASA pinnacle and Ghiyas-ud-din Tughlaq, his
hence depicts HINDU wife Begam Makhdima Jehan
architectural influences as and his son and later sultan
seen in Hindu temples across Muhammad bin Tughlaq.
Delhi.
 FEROZ SHAH KOTLA
 Built by the famous ruler, Sultan FIROZ SHAH TUGHLAQ in
1354 AD.
 Sultan FIROZ SHAH TUGHLAQ established Ferozabad and
Feroz shah kotla.
 It was grand and opulent royal citadel of the city.
 RUINS OF THE PALACE
• Walls of citadels are 15 m high, have
slight slope on the outside.
• Entrance has huge iron gate with a board
bears name of Feroz Shah Kotla.
• Boundary walls built as a stone masonry.
• Only mosque and Baoli are still
recognizable.
• The Ashoka pillar was brought by feroz
Shah Tughlaq from Ambala to Delhi, bears
the edict’s of Ashoka’s principle.
PLAN OF FEROZ SHAH KOTLA
 ASHOKA PILLAR
 This monolith pillar is 13 m high, with 65
cm of diameter at the top and 97 cm at the
bottom.
 It was crowned by a capital of coloured
stones and a golden globe with a crescent on
top.

THREE LANGUAGES WERE USED

PRAKRIT, GREEK AND ARAMAIC
ASHOKA PILLAR
PYRAMIDAL STRUCTURE

Section of three-storey building

which support the Ashoka pillar
 JAMI MASJID

 Jami Masjid used to be one of the largest mosques of the Tughlaq period.
 Built on a series of underground cells .
 Made of QUARTZITE stone covered with lime plaster, surrounded by a
huge courtyard with cloister and a prayer hall.
 The entrance of Jami Masjid lies on the northern side and was connected
by a causeway to the PYRAMIDAL STRUCTURE OF THE ASHOKAN PILLAR.
 BAOLI

 The circular BAOLI which means STEP WELL lies towards the north western side of the
Ashokan Pillar and in the heart of the large garden.
 A large underground canal built on its eastern side through which the water runs into
the well.
 This BAOLI served as a summer retreat for the royalities where they spent time cooling
off and bathing in the water of this well.
 KHIRKI MASJID

 Khirki Mosque, approached from the Khirki Village in South Delhi and close to the
Satpula or the seven arched bridge on the edge of southern wall of Jahapanah.
It was a fort built by Khan-i-Jahan Junan Shah, the Prime Minister of Feroz Shah Tughlaq.
The word 'Khirki' prefixed to fort is an Urdu word that means "window“.
The Fort is in a quadrangular shape, was built with a fusion of Islamic and traditional
Hindu architecture.
KHIRKI MASJID PLAN
KHIRKI MASJID CONTEXT
 KHIRKI MASJID

52 m x52 m square plan in area of 87 m2.

Plinth=3 m.
4 open courtyards (square 9.14 mX9.14m) encircled by arcades built with 180 square
structural columns and 60 pilasters.
The open courtyards are the source of light and ventilation to the internal prayer spaces.
The roof is partitioned into 25 squares of equal size with 9 small domes in each square
and alternated by 12 flat roofs.
 HAUZ KHAS COMLEX

Hauz Khas Complex houses a water tank, an Islamic seminary, a mosque, a tomb and
pavilions built around an urbanized village with medieval history traced to the 13th
century of Delhi Sultanate reign.
HAUZ KHAS COMLEX
 HAUZ KHAS-MADRASA

Established in 1352, the Madrasa was one of the leading institutions of Islamic learning
in the Delhi Sultanate.
After the sacking of Baghdad, Delhi became the most important place in the world for
Islamic education.
It was built in L-Shape as one contiguous structure. One arm of the L-shape structure
measuring 76 m (249.3 ft) and the other measuring 138 m (452.8 ft).
 HAUZ KHAS-PAVILIONS

The madrasa is flanked by the reservoir in the northern front and by a garden on its
southern side at the second floor level.
A cluster of three hemispherical domes, a large one of 5.5 m (18.0 ft) diameter and two
smaller ones of 4.5 m (14.8 ft) diameter, foliated motifs on the drums, kalasha motifs on
top of the domes.
Plinth=0.8 m (2.6 ft)
Square shaped wide columns with entablature which have decorative capitals that
support beams with projecting canopies.
 HAUZ KHAS-MOSQUE

The northern end of the madrasa is secured to a small mosque. The qibla of the Mosque
projects towards the reservoir by about 9.5 m (31.2 ft).
A domed gateway from the south east provides entry into three rooms of size5.3 m
(17.4 ft) x2.4 m (7.9 ft) whose utility is not traced.
"C"-shaped layout of a double row of pillars on a raised podium forms the prayer hall,
which is open to the sky.
 TOMB OF TILANGANI

Malik Maqbul or Khan-i-Jahan Maqbul was the Wazir or Prime Minister of Feroz Shah
Tughlaq (1351–1388 CE).
First octagonal tomb to be built in Delhi.
It is similar to the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem and Qubbat-i-Sulaibiya in Samarra but
the Tilangani tomb is built of different materials grey granite and red sandstone.
Dome of the Rock Qubbat al-Sulaybiyya
 TOMB OF TILANGANI

The tomb suffers from design defects, very low central and subsidiary domes, very low
veranda arches and a lack of symmetry. These defects were gradually removed and this
tomb became an inspiration for the later Sayyid and Lodi tombs.
 LODHI DYNASTY

Lodi dynasty (or Lodhi),an Afghan dynasty,ruled the Delhi Sultanate (1451 to 1526).
Last dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate, founded by Bahlul Khan Lodi, replaced the Sayyid
dynasty.
● Lodi Gardens or Lodhi Gardens is a city park situated in New Delhi, India. Spread over
90 acres (360,000 m2)

● Lodhi Garden is a luscious garden that houses the tombs of Sayyid ruler Mohammed
Shah and Lodhi king Sikandar Lodhi.

● The construction of this great work of architecture took place under the Lodhi reign
sometime in the 15th century.

● The Lodhi gardens were laid out in 1936 around four monuments of the Lodhi dynasty,
Mohammed Shah's Tomb, Sikander Lodhi's Tomb, Sheesh Gumbad and Bara Gumbad.

● The earliest of these, the tomb of Mohammed Shah, was built in 1444 by Ala-ud-din Alam
Shah in honor of Mohammed Shah.
● Bara Gumbad (i.e. "big dome") is an ancient monument located in Lodhi Gardens in Delhi,
India.
● It is speculated that the Bara Gumbad was constructed to provide a gateway to the nearby
mosque.
● Bara Gumbad is grouped together with a mosque and "mehman khana" which is a smaller
structure with five bays.
● All the structures are constructed on a 4 metres (13 ft) high platform, with a total area
of 1,050 square metres (11,302 sq ft).
● The Bara Gumbad is square type construction which sits on a plinth.
● The mosque is organized in five unequal bays, which correspond to the five arched
doorways on the eastern (entry) elevation.
● The width of the arched doorways decreases from the center towards the sides. The
arches span across grey granite piers.
● The central arch is framed within a projecting rectangular portal, measuring about 8
meters in height by 6 meters wide.
 VIEW

PLAN
● Constructed between 1489-1517 CE, the Shish Gumbad is constructed in square shape.
Combination of bracket and lintel beams, the architecture is a blend of Islamic and Hindu
architecture. Although the Gumbad has an external semblance of spanning in two floors,
the structure made only in one floor.

● The western wall of the Gumbad consists of mihrab which also served as a mosque. The
main chamber of the monument measures 10 square metres (108 sq ft).

● The ceiling is decorated with plaster work that contains Quranic inscriptions and floral
designs. The monument was originally decorated with blue enamelled tiles that shined
like glass. The Gumbad hence got its name "Shish Gumbad". The blue tile embellishment
presently only remains on top of the main frontage in traces.
PLAN ELEVATION
● The tomb of Sikandar Lodi is located in the southern-most side of the Lodi
Gardens. It stands within an extensive walled enclosure, square in shape. It
was built in 1517-18 A.D. by Ibrahim Lodi over the remains of his father,
Sultan Sikandar Lodi.
● Unlike other tombs of the Lodi period, which are based upon a square
plan, the Tomb of Sikandar Lodi (1489-1517) is a revival of the earlier
Sayyid type, with its octagonal plan, deep veranda and tall arches. The
tomb stands at the center of an enclosed precinct entered from a
monumental portal facing south. It is topped with a double dome without
the more typical roof kiosks (chhatris).
● The gate, which stands on a platform furnished with arched recesses, is called the
Bara Gumbad on account of its lofty dome. It possesses the same stone bench (0.838
meters in height and 0.457 meters in breadth) round the internal walls and similar
miniature brackets at the angles of the octagon. It measures 18.89 meters square
without and 12.19 meters square within while the Alai Darwaza measures 17.2
meters and 10.5 meters respectively. Its height is also greater for the total height of
the building about the plan 26.8 meters.
PLAN VIEW OF TOMB
● The central dome sits on a sixteen-sided high drum, giving the tomb greater
verticality. Hindu influence is reflected in the eight 'chhatris' that ring the dome,
each centered and in line with a face of the octagon. The dome of each 'chhatri'
is a smaller version of the central dome, each capped by a lotus finial with a
decorative band around the base.

● The tomb of Muhammad Shah IV, the third ruler of the Sayyid dynasty, is one of
the larger tombs surviving from this period. It is located within the Lodi Gardens
that was designed by the Sayyids and Lodis in the fifteenth and sixteenth
century. It is based on a configuration used mostly for royal tombs-an octagonal
chamber ringed by an outer arcade, while square tombs were for high-ranking
members of society.
● Each face is pierced by three arched openings with a running 'chhajja' (overhanging eaves
supported by stone corbels) above. The corner of the octagon is reinforced by a sloping
buttress.

● The main entrance is through the south, though each side of the chamber has a beam and
lintel doorway. There are eight graves inside, the central one is believed to be that of
Muhammad Shah.

● The tomb is considered a refinement of the tomb built for Mubarak Shah, father of
Muhammad Shah.
PLAN TERRACE PLAN