MTS-231 Actuating Systems: Kanwal Naveed

MTS-231
Actuating Systems
Kanwal Naveed
DC Machinery
Fundamentals
Chapter-8
Single Loop Motor – Practical Use
Single Loop Motor – Practical Use
• Starting problem
Multi Loop Armature of DC Motor
• Two Loop Armature
Multi Loop Armature of DC Motor
• Four Loop Armature
Commutation in a Simple Four-Loop DC Machine
Commutation is the process of converting the ac voltages and currents in the rotor
of a dc machine to dc voltages and currents at its terminals. A simple 4 loop, 2
pole dc machine is shown here:
If the rotor is rotated, a voltage will be induced in the wire loop

To determine the magnitude and shape of the voltage, examine the figure below:
Commutation is the process of converting the ac voltages and currents in the rotor
of a dc machine to dc voltages and currents at its terminals. A simple 4 loop, 2
pole dc machine is shown here:
• This machine has 4 complete loops buried in slots carved in the laminated steel
of its rotor.
• The pole faces of the machine are curved to provide a uniform air-gap width
and to give a uniform flux density everywhere under the faces.
• The winding’s connections to the machine’s commutator are shown :
Commutation in a Four-Loop DC Machine
ωt=0°
• Notice that loop 1 stretches b/w commutator segments a and b, loop 2
stretches b/w segments b and c, and so forth around the rotor.
• At the instant shown in figure, the 1, 2, 3’ and 4’ ends of the loops are under
the north pole face, while the 1’, 2’, 3 and 4 ends of the loops are under the
south pole face.
• The voltage in each of the 1, 2, 3’
and 4’ ends of the loops is given by:
eind = (v  B) . l
eind = vBl (positive out of page)
• The voltage in each of the 1’, 2’, 3
and 4 ends of the loops is given by:
eind = (v  B) . l
eind = vBl (positive into the page)
• Each coil represents one side (or conductor) of a loop.
• If the induced voltage on any one side of a loop is called e=vBl, then the total voltage at
the brushes of the machine is E = 4e (ωt=0°)
ωt=45°
• This figure shows the machine at time ωt=45°. At that time, loops 1 and 3
have rotated into the gap between the poles, so the voltage across each of
them is zero.
oNotice that at this instant the brushes of the machine are shorting out
commutator segments ab and cd.
oThis happens just at the time when the loops between these segments have 0V
across them, so shorting out the segments creates no problem. At this time,
only loops 2 and 4 are under the pole faces, so the terminal voltage E is given by:
E = 2e (ωt=45°)
ωt=90°
Now, let the rotor continue to turn another 45°. The resulting situation is shown
below:
•Here, the 1’, 2, 3, and 4’ ends of the loops are under the north pole face, and
the 1, 2’, 3’ and 4 ends of the loops are under the south pole face.
•The voltages are still built up out of the page for the ends under the north pole
face and into the page for the ends under the south pole face. The resulting
voltage diagram is shown here:
ωt=90°
ωt=90°
• There are 4 voltage-carrying ends in each
parallel path through the machine, so the
terminal voltage E is given by:
E = 4e (ωt=90°)
• Notice that the voltages on loops 1 and 3
have reversed (from ωt=0°), but since their
connections have also reversed, the total
ωt=0°
voltage is still being built up in the same
direction as before.
• This is the heart of every commutation
scheme.
•The terminal voltage of this machine as a function of time is shown in figure. It

is a better approximation to a constant dc level than the single rotating loop
previously discussed.
•As the number of loops on the rotor increases, the approximation to a perfect
dc voltage continues to get better and better.
Commutation & Armature Construction in Real Machines
• Loops on the rotor (armature) can be connected to the commutator segments
in several ways.
• These different connections affect:

• no. of parallel current paths within the armature,
• the output voltage of the armature, and
• the no & position of brushes riding on the commutator segments.
ARMATURE CONSTRUCTION IN REAL
MACHINES
Poles and Slots
Windings are present between the slots
MACHINES
The Rotor Coils
o Rotor windings consist of diamond-shaped preformed coils, inserted into the armature
slots as a unit.
o Each coil consists of a no. of turns (loops) of wire, each insulated from the other turns
and from the rotor slot.
• Conductor
• Turn
Conductor
A turn – two conductors
connected to an end by
an
end connector
Conductor
MACHINES
A coil – several turns connected in series
MACHINES
A winding – several coils connected in series
Armature Construction in Real Machines
MACHINES
• Each side of a turn is called a conductor.
• The no. of conductors on a machine’s armature
is given by
Z = 2CNC
where Z = no. of conductors on rotor

C = no. of coils on rotor
NC = No. of turns per coil
MACHINES
Coil Span
• Coil span is defined as peripheral distance between two sides of a coil,
measured in terms of number of armature slots between them.
MACHINES
The angle between centers of adjacent poles is 180o (electrical)
N
a
a b
180oelec
S S
b
If coil sides are placed 180o electrical apart, the coil is said to be full-pitch
MACHINES
• Full-pitch coil If a coil spans 180 electrical degrees, the
voltage in the conductors on either side of the coil will be
exactly same in magnitude and opposite in direction at all
times. Such a coil is called a full-pitch coil.
• Fractional-pitch coil Sometimes a coil is built that spans <

180 electrical degrees. Such a coil is called a fractional-
pitch coil and a rotor winding wound with such coils is
called Short pitch/chorded winding.
MACHINES
Pitch factor
• The amount of chording in a coil is described by a pitch factor p, which is
defined as
p = (electrical angle of coil/180)  100%
• Fractional pitched windings are purposely used to effect substantial saving

in copper of the end connection and for improving commutation.
MACHINES
Single-layer Armature winding
• In a single layer armature winding, each slot is occupied by one side of an
armature coil.
• In other words one coil sides is placed in each armature slot. This
arrangement is referred as single layer winding.
MACHINES
Two-layer Armature winding
• Most rotor windings are two-layer windings i.e. sides from two different coils
are inserted into each slot. One side of each coil will be at the bottom of its
slot, and the other side will be at the top of its slot
 One side of each of the coils is placed in the bottom of its slot.
After all bottom sides are in place, the other side of each coil
is placed in the top of its slot.
 As such, all the windings are woven together, increasing the
mechanical strength & uniformity of the final structure.
Connections to the Commutator Segments
• After installation in rotor slots, the windings have to be connected to the
commutator segments.
• Commutator pitch (yc ). The distance (in no. of segments) between the
commutator segments to which the two ends of a coil are connected is
called the commutator pitch.
Connections to the Commutator Segments
Progressive / Retrogressive Winding
• Progressive winding. If the end of a coil is connected

to a commutator segment ahead (in dir of rotation) of
the one its beginning is connected to , the winding is
called a progressive winding.
yc = 1
• Retrogressive winding. If the end of a coil is connected
to a commutator segment behind the one its
beginning is connected to , the winding is called a
retrogressive winding.
yc = -1
Commutation & Armature Construction
PLEX
• Armature windings are further classified according to the plex of their
windings.
• A simplex winding is a single, complete, closed winding wound on a rotor.
• A duplex winding is a rotor with two complete and independent sets of rotor
windings.
• A triplex winding will have three complete and independent sets of rotor windings.
• Collectively, all armatures with more than one set of windings are said to
have multiplex windings.
• Armature windings are also categorized according to the sequence of

their connections to the commutator segments
• lap windings
• wave windings
The Lap Winding
• The simplest type of winding construction used in dc machines.
• A simplex lap winding consists of coils containing one or more turns of
wire with the two ends of each coil coming out at adjacent commutator
segments.
• A pole is shared between two consecutive coils
• A winding in which:
• The number of parallel path(A) = number of poles (P) is called simplex lap
winding
• It is a progressive winding.
• simplex lap winding
Retrogressive winding.
• The front pitch yf: The distance between the starting coil and the ending
coil of two conductors
• The back pitch yb: The distance between two successive coils
• Yb>Yf for progressive and vice versa
• The resultant pitch yr: The distance between the two starting coils two
successive conductors
• The commutator pitch yc: The distance between commutator segments in
which the two ends of the same conductor are connected.
• A winding in which the number of parallel path between the brushes is
twice the number of poles is called duplex lap winding.
Current Paths in Lap Winding
• In general, for an m-plex lap winding yc = m.

• The no. of current paths in a machine is
a = mP
where m = plex of the windings
and P= no. of poles on machine
COMMUTATION & ARMATURE
CONSTRUCTION
Simplex Lap winding
Commutator bar
• One coil between adjacent commutator bars

• No. of poles  no. of brushes  no. of parallel paths
• The no. of current paths in a machine is a = mP,
where m = plex of the windings
and P= no. of poles on machine
Two poles Simplex Lap Winding
Fig 7.14 (Ed 5)

Four Pole Simplex Lap
Wound DC Motor
Four Pole Simplex Lap Wound DC Motor
(winding diagram)
Progressive Lap Winding

The Wave Winding
• The completing end of the coil is connected to the starting end of the
consecutive conductor. Thus, there are two coils in series between the
adjacent commutator segments.
• The number of parallel paths (A)=2 always
The Wave Winding
• The winding can be progressive or retrogressive depending on whether
the second coil is connected to the segment ahead or behind the first coil.
• Commutator pitch yc = 2(C  1)/P
where C is the no. of coils on the rotor
and P is the no. of poles on the machine.
• Suitable for building high-voltage dc machines, since the no. of coils in

series between commutator segments permits a high voltage to be built
up more easily than with lap windings.
COMMUTATION & ARMATURE
CONSTRUCTION
Wave winding
• p/2 coils in series between adjacent commutator bars

• ½ of all coils between brushes
• Current paths, a=2m, where m is plex (e.g. for duplex m=2)
• Regardless of no. of poles, there are always 2 parallel path (simplex)
• The distance between end coils (commutator pitch) is 2(C1)/p where C is the no.
of commutator bars
4 Pole Wave Wound DC Motor
Progressive Wave Winding

4 Pole Wave Wound DC Motor (winding diagram)
Progressive Wave Winding


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MTS-231

If the rotor is rotated, a voltage will be induced in the wire loop

•The terminal voltage of this machine as a function of time is shown in figure. It

• These different connections affect:

where Z = no. of conductors on rotor

• Fractional-pitch coil Sometimes a coil is built that spans <

• Fractional pitched windings are purposely used to effect substantial saving

• Progressive winding. If the end of a coil is connected

• Armature windings are also categorized according to the sequence of

• In general, for an m-plex lap winding yc = m.

• One coil between adjacent commutator bars

Fig 7.14 (Ed 5)

Progressive Lap Winding

• Suitable for building high-voltage dc machines, since the no. of coils in

• p/2 coils in series between adjacent commutator bars

Progressive Wave Winding

Progressive Wave Winding

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