What's the Difference Between AI,

Machine Learning, and Deep Learning?

“Predicting the future isn’t magic , it’s

Artificial Intelligence.”
-Dave Waters

Prepared By: Chintal Upendra Raval,

Assistant Professor cum Research fellow,
Department of Information Technology
Devang Patel Institute of Advance Technology and Research
Charotar University of Science and Technology

07/22/2020 1
 What's the Difference Between AI, Machine
Learning, and Deep Learning?
• AI, machine learning, and deep learning - these terms overlap and are easily
confused, so let’s start with some short definitions.

• AI means getting a computer to mimic human behavior in some way.

• Machine learning is a subset of AI, and it consists of the techniques that enable
computers to figure things out from the data and deliver AI applications.

• Deep learning, meanwhile, is a subset of machine learning that enables

computers to solve more complex problems.
 What Is AI?

• Artificial intelligence as an academic discipline was founded in 1956. The

goal then, as now, was to get computers to perform tasks regarded as
uniquely human: things that required intelligence. Initially, researchers
worked on problems like playing checkers and solving logic problems.

• If you looked at the output of one of those checkers playing programs you
could see some form of “artificial intelligence” behind those moves,
particularly when the computer beat you. Early successes caused the first
researchers to exhibit almost boundless enthusiasm for the possibilities of
AI, matched only by the extent to which they misjudged just how hard
some problems were.
 What Is AI?

• Artificial intelligence, then, refers to the output of a computer. The

computer is doing something intelligent, so it’s exhibiting intelligence
that is artificial.

• The term AI doesn’t say anything about how those problems are
solved. There are many different techniques including rule-based or
expert systems. And one category of techniques started becoming
more widely used in the 1980s: machine learning.
 AI deals with the following issues
• Reasoning and Problem Solving
• Knowledge representation
• Planning
• Learning
• Natural Language Processing (NLP)
• Perception
• Motion and Manipulation
• Social Intelligence
• General Intelligence
 What Is Machine Learning?
• The reason that those early researchers found some problems to be
much harder is that those problems simply weren't amenable to the
early techniques used for AI. Hard-coded algorithms or fixed, rule-
based systems just didn’t work very well for things like image
recognition or extracting meaning from text.

• The solution turned out to be not just mimicking human behavior (AI)
but mimicking how humans learn.
 What Is Machine Learning?
• Think about how you learned to read. You didn’t sit down and learn spelling
and grammar before picking up your first book. You read simple books,
graduating to more complex ones over time. You actually learned the rules
(and exceptions) of spelling and grammar from your reading. Put another
way, you processed a lot of data and learned from it.
• That’s exactly the idea with machine learning. Feed an algorithm (as opposed
to your brain) a lot of data and let it figure things out. Feed an algorithm a lot
of data on financial transactions, tell it which ones are fraudulent, and let it
work out what indicates fraud so it can predict fraud in the future. Or feed it
information about your customer base and let it figure out how best to
segment them. Find out more about machine learning techniques here.
 Machine Learning often deals with the
following issues
• Collecting data
• Filtering data
• Analyzing data
• Training algorithms
• Testing algorithms
• Using algorithms for future predictions
• Common examples of this phenomenon are virtual personal assistants, refined
search engine results, image recognition, and product recommendations.
• How is this different than AI? Well, ML is an approach to AI (it is a way of
achieving Artificial Intelligence). It is possible to achieve Artificial
Intelligence without ML, but that can take millions of lines of code.
 Neural Networks
• As these algorithms developed, they could tackle many problems. But
some things that humans found easy (like speech or handwriting
recognition) were still hard for machines. However, if machine learning is
about mimicking how humans learn, why not go all the way and try to
mimic the human brain? That’s the idea behind neural networks.

• The idea of using artificial neurons (neurons, connected by synapses, are

the major elements in your brain) had been around for a while. And neural
networks simulated in software started being used for certain problems.
They showed a lot of promise and could solve some complex problems that
other algorithms couldn’t tackle.
 Neural Networks
• But machine learning still got stuck on many things that elementary school
children tackled with ease: how many dogs are in this picture or are they
really wolves? Walk over there and bring me the ripe banana. What made
this character in the book cry so much?

• It turned out that the problem was not with the concept of machine
learning. Or even with the idea of mimicking the human brain. It was just
that simple neural networks with 100s or even 1000s of neurons, connected
in a relatively simple manner, just couldn’t duplicate what the human brain
could do. It shouldn't be a surprise if you think about it; human brains have
around 86 billion neurons and very complex interconnectivity.
 What is Deep Learning?
• Put simply, deep learning is all about using neural networks with more neurons,
layers, and interconnectivity. We’re still a long way off from mimicking the
human brain in all its complexity, but we’re moving in that direction.

• And when you read about advances in computing from autonomous cars to Go-
playing supercomputers to speech recognition, that’s deep learning under the
covers. You experience some form of artificial intelligence. Behind the scenes,
that AI is powered by some form of deep learning.

• Let’s look at a couple of problems to see how deep learning is different from
simpler neural networks or other forms of machine learning.
 How Deep Learning Works
• If I give you images of horses, you recognize them as horses, even if
you’ve never seen that image before. And it doesn’t matter if the horse is
lying on a sofa, or dressed up for Halloween as a hippo. You can recognize
a horse because you know about the various elements that define a horse:
shape of its muzzle, number and placement of legs, and so on.

• Deep learning can do this. And it’s important for many things including
autonomous vehicles. Before a car can determine its next action, it needs to
know what’s around it. It must be able to recognize people, bikes, other
vehicles, road signs, and more. And do so in challenging visual
circumstances. Standard machine learning techniques can’t do that.
 How Deep Learning Works
• Take natural language processing, which is used today in chatbots and smartphone
voice assistants, to name two. Consider this sentence and work out what the last part
should be:

• I was born in Italy and, although I lived in Portugal and Brazil most of my life, I still
speak fluent ________.

• Hopefully you can see that the most likely answer is Italian (though you would also
get points for French, Greek, German, Sardinian, Albanian, Occitan, Croatian,
Slovene, Ladin, Latin, Friulian, Catalan, Sardinian, Sicilian, Romani and Franco-
Provencal and probably several more). But think about what it takes to draw that
conclusion.
 How Deep Learning Works
• First you need to know that the missing word is a language. You can do that if you
understand “I speak fluent…”. To get Italian you have to go back through that sentence
and ignore the red herrings about Portugal and Brazil. “I was born in Italy” implies
learning Italian as I grew up (with 93% probability according to Wikipedia), assuming
that you understand the implications of born, which go far beyond the day you were
delivered. The combination of “although” and “still” makes it clear that I am not
talking about Portuguese and brings you back to Italy. So Italian is the likely answer.

• Imagine what’s happening in the neural network in your brain. Facts like “born in
Italy” and “although…still” are inputs to other parts of your brain as you work things
out. And this concept is carried over to deep neural networks via complex feedback
loops.
 What is Data Science?
• Data Science is the term for a whole set of tools and techniques by
which to analyze data and extract insights from it. It makes use of
scientific methods, processes, and algorithms to make this happen.
• Essentially, its goal is to discover hidden patterns in raw data to help
businesses improve and increase their profits. The term came to be a
buzzword when in 2012, Harvard Business Review called it “The
Sexiest Job of the 21st Century”.
• The data science life cycle comprises of 6 phases:
• Discovery • Model building

• Data preparation • Communicating

• Model planning • Results and Operationalizing

Comparing Data Science (DS), Machine Learning (ML),
Deep Learning (DL) and Artificial Intelligence (AI)
• After the brief introduction of
each of these pillars, let us
understand the commonalities
them. AI ML DL are not part or
subset of DS, although, certain
tasks involved in DS intersect
with AI, ML and DL. DS is a
data-driven technique and each
of DS, ML and DL have
processes that relate to data or
big data, contextually.
 Comparing Data Science (DS), Machine Learning
(ML), Deep Learning (DL) and Artificial Intelligence
(AI)
• DS, ML, DL and AI need loads of data to begin with. Each of these
processes the data in their own context and techniques and provide an
outcome, which is then examined on human interests. A point to note is,
DS, ML, DL and AI are iterative techniques that is, if the actual outcome
has large variance with the expected result, the respective processes are
repeated.
• Point of reference: DS
DS intersects with ML on the grounds of cleaning and modelling the data
The cleaning and munging steps of DS help is feature extraction and
grouping of information in DL
The interference and decision making phases are advanced version of the
describing and modelling steps of DS
 Comparing Data Science (DS), Machine Learning
(ML), Deep Learning (DL) and Artificial Intelligence
(AI)
• Point of reference: ML
Cleansing and preparing data in ML is the precursor step of extracting
features in DL; also, the evaluation provided in ML acts as a prototype
for evaluating the performance of neural network in DL
Simply put, AI is applied based on ML or ML can be called as subset
of AI.
• Point of reference: DL
The evaluation and self-improving stages of DL assists in developing
superior AI models.
 References
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<https://blogs.oracle.com/bigdata/difference-ai-machine-learning-
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2. mc.ai. 2020. Comparing DS, ML, DL And AI. [online] Available at:
<https://mc.ai/comparing-ds-ml-dl-and-ai/> [Accessed 6 July 2020].
3. Team, D., 2020. Artificial Intelligence Vs Machine Learning Vs
Deep Learning Vs Data Science - Dataflair. [online] DataFlair.
Available at: <https://data-flair.training/blogs/artificial-intelligence-
vs-machine-learning-vs-dl-vs-ds/> [Accessed 6 July 2020].