Circuit Analysis I

Circuit Analysis
Electric Circuits
(Electric Networks)
 It is a mathematical model that approaches the behavior of
an actual electrical system. It is an interconnection of
electrical components.
Unit Name
Quantity Symbol Unit Description
(Unit Symbol)
Frequency f Hertz (Hz) cycle/s or s–1

Force F Newton (N) kg m/s2
Energy E
Joule (J) Nm
Work W
Electric Charge q Coulomb (C) As
Power P Watt (W) J/s
Electric Potential
Potential Difference v Volt (V) W/A
Voltage
Electric Resistance R Ohm (Ω) V/A
Electric Conductance G Siemen (S) A/V
Electric Capacitance C Farad (F) C/V
Magnetic Flux Ø Weber (Wb) Vs
Inductance L Henry (H) Wb/A
Prefixes – it is used to the basic unit that SI unit is either too small
or too large to use conveniently.
Prefixes Power Symbol Prefixes Power Symbol

Yocto 10–24 y Deka 101 da
Zepto 10–21 z Hecto 102 h
Atto 10–18 a Kilo 103 k
Femto 10–15 f Mega 106 M
Pico 10–12 p Giga 109 G
Nano 10–9 n Tera 1012 T
Micro 10–6 µ Peta 1015 P
Milli 10–3 m Exa 1018 E
Centi 10–2 c Zeta 1021 Z
Deci 10–1 d Yotta 1024 Y
Circuit Analysis
 It is based on mathematical techniques and is used to

predict and/or to analyze the behavior of the circuit model
and each and every ideal circuit components.
CHARGE AND CURRENT
CHARGE
It is an electrical property of the atomic particles of
which matter consists, measured in Coulombs.
CURRENT

It is the time rate of charge, measured in ampere (A).
Characteristics of electric charge:
 Charge is bipolar: positive and negative charges.


Electric charge exists in discrete quantities:

Electrical effects are attributed to both the
separation of charge and charges in motion.
Separation of charge creates electric force
Motion of charge creates electric fluid
Sample No. 1
How much charge is represented by 4,600 electrons?

Answer:
Sample No. 2
Calculate the amount of charge represented by two

million protons.

Answer:
Sample No. 3

The total charge entering a terminal is given by .
Calculate the current at .
Answer: 31.42 mA
Sample No. 4

Find the current at if charge is given as .

Answer:
Sample No. 5

Determine the total charge entering a terminal
between and if the current passing the terminal is .

Answer:
Sample No. 6

The current flowing through the element is:
Calculate the charge entering the element from and

.

Answer:
VOLTAGE, POWER AND
ENERGY

VOLTAGE
It is the energy required to move a unit
charge through an element, measured in volts
(V). a a
+ -
+V -V
- +
b b

POWER
It is the time rate expending or absorbing
energy, measured in watts (W).
a a a a
+ - + -
+P +P -P -P
- + - +
b b b b
absorbing power supplying power
ENERGY
It is the capacity to do work, measured in
joules (J).
Sample No. 1
To move charge q from point a to point b requires a

change in energy of –30 J. Find the voltage drop if:
(a) change in charge is 2 C and (b) change in charge
is -6 C.

Answer:
Sample No. 2

Find the power delivered to an element at if the current
entering its positive terminal is:
And the voltage is: (a) (b)

Answer: (a) (b)
Sample No. 3

Find the power delivered to an element at if the current
entering its positive terminal is:
And the voltage is: (a) (b)

Answer: (a) (b)
CIRCUIT ELEMENTS
Circuit Elements
Active Elements – capable of generating energy.
Examples: Generators, Batteries, and
Operational Amplifiers.
Passive Elements – not capable of generating

energy.
Examples: Resistors, Capacitors and
Inductors.
Type of Source
1. Ideal Independent Source – an active
element that provides a specified voltage
or current that is completely independent
of other circuit variables.
Type of Source
2. Ideal Dependent Source (Controlled Source)
– an active element in which the source quantity
is controlled by another voltage or current.
a. VCVS – voltage controlled voltage source
b. CCVS – current controlled voltage source
c. VCCS – voltage controlled current source
d. CCCS – current controlled current source
Ohm’s Law

It states that the voltage (V) across the
resistor (R) is directly proportional to
the current (i) flowing through the
resistor.
Resistance (R)

It is the ability to resist the flow of electric current,
measured in ohms (Ω).
where: ρ = resistivity of a material, Ω-m

l = length, m
A = area, m2
Short - Circuit
i
V=0
R=0
Open - Circuit
+
V i = 0
R=
-
Conductance (G)

It is the ability of an element to conduct to conduct
electricity, measured in mho or Siemens (S).
Other formula of power

𝑃=𝑉𝑖
i +
2
2

𝑉

𝑃=𝑖 𝑅 𝑃=
𝑅
Sample No. 1
An electric iron draws 2A at 120V. Finds its

resistance.

Answer: (a)
Sample No. 2
The essential component of a toaster is a electrical

element (a resistor) that converts electrical energy
to heat energy. How much current is drawn by a
toaster with resistor 12Ω at 110V?

Answer: (a)
Sample No. 3
A given wire has a resistance of 17.5Ω. If its length

must is 560m, how much length must be cut-off
from the wire in order to reduce its resistance to
12.5Ω?

Answer:
Sample No. 4
A copper wire has a resistance of 10Ω. The wire is

drawn so that its radius is three times the original.
What is the resistance of the new wire?

Answer:
Sample No. 5
A conducting wire has a resistance of 5Ω. What is

the resistance of another wire of same material but
having half the diameter and four times the length?

Answer:

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Circuit Analysis

Frequency f Hertz (Hz) cycle/s or s–1

Prefixes Power Symbol Prefixes Power Symbol

 It is based on mathematical techniques and is used to

 Charge is bipolar: positive and negative charges.

Electric charge exists in discrete quantities:

How much charge is represented by 4,600 electrons?

Calculate the amount of charge represented by two

Calculate the charge entering the element from and

To move charge q from point a to point b requires a

And the voltage is: (a) (b)

And the voltage is: (a) (b)

Passive Elements – not capable of generating

where: ρ = resistivity of a material, Ω-m

An electric iron draws 2A at 120V. Finds its

The essential component of a toaster is a electrical

A given wire has a resistance of 17.5Ω. If its length

A copper wire has a resistance of 10Ω. The wire is

A conducting wire has a resistance of 5Ω. What is

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