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    Restricted Earth Fault Protection

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    sherub wangdi
    REF protection is used to detect internal earth faults in AC machines like generators and transformers. A separate REF scheme is required because the CTs of a normal earth fault relay will not sense faults in the internal zone as the fault current will not pass through them. REF relays include a stabilizing resistor to avoid unwanted operation from small CT mismatch currents. The value of the stabilizing resistor is calculated such that the voltage developed across the relay during maximum through fault conditions is insufficient to operate the relay.

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    Restricted Earth Fault Protection

    Uploaded by

    sherub wangdi
    76 views15 pages
    REF protection is used to detect internal earth faults in AC machines like generators and transformers. A separate REF scheme is required because the CTs of a normal earth fault relay will not sense faults in the internal zone as the fault current will not pass through them. REF relays include a stabilizing resistor to avoid unwanted operation from small CT mismatch currents. The value of the stabilizing resistor is calculated such that the voltage developed across the relay during maximum through fault conditions is insufficient to operate the relay.

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    REF

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    REF protection is used to detect internal earth faults in AC machines like generators and transformers. A separate REF scheme is required because the CTs of a normal earth fault relay will not sense faults in the internal zone as the fault current will not pass through them. REF relays include a stabilizing resistor to avoid unwanted operation from small CT mismatch currents. The value of the stabilizing resistor is calculated such that the voltage developed across the relay during maximum through fault conditions is insufficient to operate the relay.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    76 views15 pages

    Restricted Earth Fault Protection

    Uploaded by

    sherub wangdi
    REF protection is used to detect internal earth faults in AC machines like generators and transformers. A separate REF scheme is required because the CTs of a normal earth fault relay will not sense faults in the internal zone as the fault current will not pass through them. REF relays include a stabilizing resistor to avoid unwanted operation from small CT mismatch currents. The value of the stabilizing resistor is calculated such that the voltage developed across the relay during maximum through fault conditions is insufficient to operate the relay.

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    of 15

    RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT

    PROTECTION
    REF PROTECTION

    REF PROTECTION IS TO DETECT


    INTERNAL EARTH FAULTS IN
    AC MACHINES LIKE GENERATORS &
    TRANSFORMERS
    ZONE OF
    PROTECTION
    REF PROTECTION

    WHY NORMAL E/F IS INADEQUATE ?

    CTs OF NORMAL E/F RELAY WILL NOT SENSE


    FAULT IN THE INTERNAL ZONE SINCE
    FAULT CURRENT WILL NOT PASS THROUGH
    THEM

    HENCE A SEPATE REF SCHEME IS REQUIRED


    TO DETECT INTERNAL E/F
    ZONE OF
    PROTECTION
    R

    FAULT A

    RELAY

    N
    ZONE OF
    PROTECTION
    R

    FAULT B

    RELAY

    N
    REF PROTECTION

    FAULT A (EXTERNAL) FAULT B (INTERNAL)

    FAULT CURRENT FLOWS FAULT CURRENT FLOWS


    THROUGH Y PHASE CT & THROUGH NUETRAL CT
    NUETRAL CT N. N ONLY.

    NO FAULT CURRENT RELAY SEES A CURRENT


    FLOWS IN THE RELAY WHICH IS DIFFERENCE
    BETWEEN THE VECTORIAL
    RELAY WILL NOT TRIP SUM OF RYB AND THE
    FAULT CURRENT
    THROUGH N

    RELAY WILL TRIP


    REF PROTECTION

    STABILISING RESISTOR FOR REF RELAYS

    - SINCE REF RELAY HAS TO SENSE A


    SMALL DIFFERENCE IN CURRENT AND TRIP,
    IT WILL HAVE A LOW PICK UP SETTING.

    - WHEN PICK UP SETTING IS LOW, RELAY MAY


    PICK UP DUE TO SMALL DIFFERENCES
    IN CT CHARACTERISTICS MISMATCH.

    - TO AVOID THIS PROBLEM A


    STABILISING RESISTOR IS USED IN ALL
    REF RELAYS
    REF PROTECTION

    CALCULATION OF STABILISING RESISTOR Rst

    - VALUE OF Rst SHOULD BE SUCH THAT


    VOLTAGE DEVELOPED ACROSS THE RELAY
    UNDER MAX THROUGH FAULT CONDITIONS,
    IS INSUFFICIENT TO OPERATE THE RELAY.

    - REFER THE DIAGRAM OF THROUGH FAULT


    CT Y HAS SATURATED
    V= If * (Rct+Rl))/N

    - V SHOULD NOT CAUSE A CURRENT WHICH WILL


    OPERATE RELAY
    ZONE OF
    PROTECTION
    R

    FAULT A

    V= (If * (Rct+Rl))/N Rst RELAY


    WHERE
    N V
    If = MAX. PRIMARY
    THROUGH FAULT CURRENT
    N = CT RATIO
    Rct = CT WINDING RESISTANCE
    Rl = LEAD RESISTANCE (RELAY TO CT)
    REF PROTECTION

    CALCULATION OF STABILISING RESISTOR Rst

    1. PICK UP SETTING IN THE RELAY 10%


    RELAY OPERATING CURRENT 0.1A

    THERE ARE 4 CTs IN PARALLEL


    CT RATIO 3000

    KNEE PONT VOLTAGE OF CT 160


    MAX THROUGH FAULT CURRENT 36KA
    REF PROTECTION

    CALCULATION OF THROUGH FAULT CURRENT

    IF ON THE CT PRIMARY SIDE

    KVA RATING OF TRANSFORMER 1600


    VOLTAGE RATING 11000 / 415 V
    % IMPEDANCE 6.25

    KVA 1600000
    IF (Sy SIDE) = =
    1.732 X 415 X Z% 718.78 X .0625

    = 36 KA
    REF PROTECTION

    CALCULATION OF STABILISING RESISTOR Rst

    2. Rst SHOULD BE SELECTED IN SUCH A WAY


    UNDER THROUGH FAULT CONDITIONS,
    THE RELAY DOES NOT SEE A VOLTAGE
    SUFFICIENT ENOUGH TO TRIP

    LET US ASSUME THAT ONE CT HAS


    SATURATED FULLY UNDER THROUGH
    FAULT CONDITIONS (WORST CASE)

    LET US ASSUME THAT WHOLE OF PRIMARY


    CURRENTS ARE PERFECTLY TRANSFORMED
    INTO SECONDARY IN THE REMAINING CTs.
    REF PROTECTION

    CALCULATION OF STABILISING RESISTOR Rst

    UNDER THESE CONDITIONS :

    Vr = If ( Rct +Rl)/N
    = 36000 (3+0.15)/3000 = 38V
    REF PROTECTION
    CALCULATION OF STABILISING RESISTOR Rst

    NOTE THAT AT THIS VOLTAGE Vr , THE CURRENT


    THROUGH RELAY SHOULD BE LESS THAN OR
    EQUAL TO PICK UP CURRENT.

    THIS MEANS THAT R = Vr/0.1= 38 /0.1 = 380 OHMS


    WHERE R = Rst+RELAY IMPEDANCE

    RELAY IMPEDANCE = RELAY BURDEN / (Is*Is)


    = 0.9/0.01=90 ohms

    Rst = 380 - 90 = 290 OHMS

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