WILDLIFE

RETREAT
PRE-THESIS
SEMINAR

T.TARUN
16011AA04
1
B.ARCH 4A
 INDE
X

1. INTRDUCTION TO WILDLIFE TOURISM -

i. Tourism
ii. Wildlife tourism
iii.Impacts and why’
iv. Affective Wildlife Tourism
v. Planning and Managing Wildlife Tourism
vi. Wildlife Conservation Division
vii.Forest, Biodiversity and Land Use in India
viii.
Environmental, Social and Cultural Impacts and
Human- Wildlife Conflicts
ix. Making Wildlife Tourism Sustainable
x. Conclusion
2. AIM
3. OBJECTIVE
4. SCOPE
5. LIMITATIONS
6. METHODOLOGY
7. DESKTOP STUDY

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• AIM- To promote wildlife as tourism .to
protect nature and wildlife. and also
wildlife can act as the best getaway from
the city traffic

• A place which includes

• Adventure tourism- trekking, hiking etc
( age group-18-35)
• Nature based tourism- views, flora
fauna( includes families)
• Ecotourism – educative elements,
environmental education( students)
• wildlife getaway for all age groups
and bringing them close to nature
• Located at the border of a
forest/sanctuary
• Using
The eco friendly
benefits materials
of wildlife intertwine and
overlap. A plant that has medicinal purposes
also has economic
value. Animals photographed for recreational
purposes also have aesthetic value.
Regardless of the classification of their
benefit, it is obvious that managing plants
and animals is beneficial for the environment
and for human interests. When making and
implementing decisions regarding wildlife, a
wildlife manager
must consider the big picture and look
beyond the short-term affects. This long-
term/ approach to wildlife 3

management will ensure that wildlife will

 contains
WILDLIFE visitors’ area
RETREAT- restaurants
cottages
common spaces(club
house)
staff quarters
AIM- self contained establishment near a
wildlife sanctuary for tourist visiting while
also blending with the existing eco system
OBJECTIVE -making best use of the available resources
and the site, its surroundings and climate and organizing
landscape that blends with the surrounding

Tourism –
Adventure tourism- trekking, hiking etc
Nature based tourism- views, flora fauna
Ecotourism – educative elements,
environmental education
SCOPE-with the recent amazon fires and
Australian fires and the rising world
temperature and green house gases protection
of wildlife plays a major role in the coming
decades . Promoting wildlife as tourism creates
the awarness and also helps in protecting it
use of eco friendly materials
BAMBOO can be used as it has high

strength to weight ratio

LIMITATIONS- ecological
aspects will be based more on zoning 4
and landscaping and less on architectural
Methodolo
gy
Requirements

Desktop study Literature

study

Case study

Site
Selection/Analysis

Conceptual
Design

Final Design

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 DESKTOP STUDY
I. Orokonui Ecosanctuary Visitor Centre / Architectural Ecology

II. Sandibe Okavango Safari Lodge / Nicholas Plewman

Architects in Association with Michaelis Boyd Associates
 1) Orokonui Ecosanctuary Visitor
Centre / Architectural Ecology

• The Orokonui Ecosanctuary in Dunedin, New Zealand

 has the very important job of protecting the
surrounding natural habitat from intruding pests and
sustaining the flora and fauna of the region. In order to
do the job properly, the Otago Natural History Trust
built a visitor centre from local materials and 
shipping containers. Designed by Dunedin-based firm, 
Architectural Ecology, the visitor centre responds to the
local climate and features soaring rooftops to provide
shade and protection from the rain, shade screens,
rainwater collection and waste water processing.

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• The client asked for a truly New Zealand building –
something that fits into the landscape. This visitor
centre is about the interpretation of this place and
the discovery of landscape as a repository of unique
flora, fauna and histories of local people.
• As with all New Zealand landscapes, microclimate
defines not only the soil types, plants and animals
but also how we live and build. The Orokonui
Ecosanctuary Visitor Centre is located on the upper
slopes of Mopanui and Mihiwaka. The site is typically
misty and the vegetation is described as a ‘Cloud
Forest’. There can be high winds throughout the
seasons with snow and ice in winter. In summer,
droughts are not uncommon.
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• Located on the southern part of the main island, the
ecosanctuary is in an area with a “Cloud Forest” microclimate,
which means it is often misty. At the same time, the area is
known for high winds, summer droughts and snow and ice in
the winter. Architectural Ecology designed and built the visitor
centre to respond to these local climatic conditions and yet
still have minimal impact. The low profile allows the building
to fit in with its surroundings and the colors and materials
help it blend in with the landscape. Always focused on
protecting the animals, even the windows were angled in such
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a way to reduce reflection and minimize bird strike.
• The Otago Natural History Trust is focused on providing
an area of native forest where indigenous plants and
animals can live in the wild without threat from most
introduced pests. The Trust has established a mainland
island and sanctuary just north of Dunedin. 10
• Local wood was used throughout the project,
including macrocarpa found on site and milled from
old farm trees in the nature preserve, rimu recycled
from a town hall in a neighboring settlement, and
plywood made from sustainably grown plantation
trees. Recycled shipping containers are also used in
the project. Wood screens protect the building from
overheating and passive solar design is combined with
solar hot water heating, efficient lighting and heating
to reduce energy use. Lastly, rainwater is collected for
use in the building and waste water is treated to a
high standard and then used for irrigation.

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• The design and construction of the visitor centre is
an attempt to respond to these conditions and to
answer the user needs.

12
2) Sandibe Okavango Safari
Lodge
• A 24 bed luxury boutique hotel in the heart of the
Okavango Delta, Botswana. The Okavango Delta is
considered one of the seven natural wonders of
the African continent. Since the original lodge was
built seventeen years ago, it has been declared a
world heritage site and in consequence a raft of
wholly appropriate, but formidable restrictions
have been imposed on building there.

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14
The design of Sandibe not only meets these challenges but is
invigorated and inspired by them. It is habitation made manifest of
all the creatures that have ever found or made shelter in and
beneath the site’s ancient trees. The lodge draws its inspiration
from animals that carry their shelter with them or weave it from
the organic materials to hand. We chose the pangolin – Africa’s
armadillo –as a specific motif because of its shy, elusive and
completely harmless nature and its ability to curl into its own
protective carapace of scales. The final building appears to have
grown organically from its riparian site or, metaphorically
speaking, to be some endemic, gentle and maternal creature
leading her off spring through the swamp forest.

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Although LEED or GREENSTAR
ratings tools have not been
developed or applied to this sort
building – the project proceeded
on the basis that if they were,
the highest standards of
accreditation would be aimed
for. The sustainability
imperatives of the project were:

The new buildings had to be

wholly built of ultimately bio-
degradable materials. The
site, separated from
civilization by a hundred
miles of swampland, river
crossings and rough tracks
had to be completely cleared
of all previous non
degradable material –
literally hundreds of tonnes
of demolished bricks and
mortar gently removed from
the forest and trucked out of
the delta. 70 % of the luxury
lodge’s, not insubstantial,
energy requirements had to
be of sustainable origin.
Minimal to zero physical
impact of any sort on the
site, fauna and flora.
Complete treatment of
sewerage and removal of
waste.
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• Notwithstanding the above the client expected a
boutique hotel that would deliver the very highest
standards of luxury to its well heeled and well
travelled guests. Essentially this meant, in addition
to unique and inspiring design, there could be no
compromise on power, copious hot water supply,
luxury bathing and food preparation equal to the
best hotels in the world. The sorts of compromises
that inform most eco lodges were not acceptable.

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BRIEF
INTRODUCTION

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 IND
EX
i. Tourism
ii. Wildlife tourism
iii. Impacts and why’
iv. Affective Wildlife Tourism
v. Planning and Managing
Wildlife Tourism
vi. Wildlife Conservation
Division
vii. Forest, Biodiversity and
Land Use in India
viii.Environmental, Social and
Cultural Impacts and
Human-Wildlife Conflicts
ix. Making Wildlife Tourism
Sustainable
x. Conclusion

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TOURISM
Tourism is an expanding economic force increasing by an
average of 3% per year.
International tourist arrivals reached a peak of 1,035
million in 2012 despite financial downturns and occasional
setbacks, and are forecast to rise to 1.8 billion by 2030
(United Nations World Tourism Organisation, 2013).
UNWTO data reveal almost uninterrupted growth, new
destinations and growing markets from the world’s
emerging economies.
The literature portrays the tourist phenomenon as a purely
Western ideology forged in political economies rooted in
post-colonialism (Burns & Bibbings, 2009). The landscape
of tourism, however, is shifting as the rising middle classes
from China, India, South America and Africa seek the
freedom and consumption enjoyed by previous economies
and despite concerns regarding unsustainable growth and
climate change, tourism is here to stay.
Non consumptive wildlife tourism (i.e., viewing wildlife in
its natural habitat) is a significant part of this growing
industry (Mintel, 2008; Tapper, 2006). Destinations and
tour operators exploit indigenous, iconic, and charismatic
species in their marketing and product development. For
example, in India’s 10 most prominent tiger reserves,
findings suggest an average annual visitor growth rate of
15% between the years 2002 and 2008; ademand mostly
driven by domestic tourism and India’s increasing middle
class (Karanth & DeFries, 2011).
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 Wildlife tourism
Wildlife tourism is an element of many nations' travel
industry centered around observation and interaction with
local animal and plant life in their natural habitats. While it
can include eco- and animal-friendly tourism, safari hunting
 and similar high-intervention activities also fall under the
umbrella of wildlife tourism. Wildlife tourism, in its simplest
sense, is interacting with wild animals in their natural 
habitat, either by actively (e.g. hunting/collection) or
passively (e.g. watching/photography). Wildlife tourism is
an important part of the tourism industries in many
countries including many African and South American
countries, Australia, India, Canada, Indonesia, Bangladesh,
Malaysia, Sri Lanka and Maldives among many. It has
experienced a dramatic and rapid growth in recent years
worldwide and many elements are closely aligned to 
eco-tourism and sustainable tourism.

Wildlife tourism mostly encompasses non-consumptive

interactions with wildlife, such as observing and
photographing animals in their natural habitats.[1] It also
includes viewing of and interacting with captive animals in
zoos or wildlife parks, and can also include animal-riding
(e.g. elephant riding) and consumptive activities such as
fishing and hunting, which will generally not come under
the definition of ecotourism and may compromise animal
welfare. It has the recreational aspects of adventure travel,
and usually supports the values of ecotourism and 
nature conservation programs.

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 POSITIVE IMPACTS
I. Habitat restoration by eco-lodges and other
tourism operations
II. Conservation breeding
III. Financial donations
IV. Quality interpretation
V. Culls and Population Maintenance
VI. Conservation Hunting/Harvest
VII. Anti-poaching

NEGATIVE IMPACTS
I. Disturbing breeding patterns
II. Disturbing feeding patterns
III. Distruption of parent-offspring bonds
IV. Increased vulnerability to predators and
competitors
V. Increased mortality, vanity hunts, and poaching

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WHY WILDLIFE TOURISM?
Wildlife tourism is an important platform to investigate
the relationship between people and nature. Given that
wildlife destinations are likely to receive higher tourism
demand from new emerging economies, this article
considers the wider emotional and psychological
implications of wildlife watching. The growing
significance of this tourist activity is a potential
reawakening of a deeper ecological sub-consciousness
brought about by a society that is disconnected from
nature. Particular attention is given to the importance
of experiencing nature first hand, the psychological
benefits, and the emotional responses that may
engender a relationship of care. This is good for both
the human spirit and for nature conservation.

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Urbanization and
Disconnection with
Nature
The ideals of urbanization are based on progress rooted in the
conquest of nature by culture; thus transforming “empty” land to
produce improved land (Wolch, West, & Gaines,1995). This was
illustrated throughout European pioneering history when wild
animals were viewed as a threat to personal safety and an
impediment to settlement (Nash, 1967).
According to Kellert, Black, Rush, and Bath (1996), “subjugation of
wolves and wild places merged as an expression of moral duty,
reflecting the settlers’ will to dominate the land and transform it” (p.
978). Development involves a progressive denaturalization of the
environment, reflects utilitarian market values and human interests
and eventually disconnects us from nature.
This is detrimental to human mental health as well as the health of
the planet (Lovelock 2006), which is not an entirely new perspective.
During the Industrial Revolution environmental and romantic
movements grew as Western populations became alienated from
rural landscapes. These movements were grounded in the concern
about the negative effects ofurbanization and industrialization on
human well-being leading to a romantic nostalgia for times when
people lived much closer to Mother Nature (Taylor, 2010).

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• Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862), in the midst of the industrial
revolution, believed that people were desperate to escape the
meaningless and trivial “prison” that characterizes most human
civilization. So lost were they in the daily pursuit of material things,
that they had forgotten their need for nature’s cure (Thoreau,
2001). Giddens (1991) maintains that urbanization causes a
number of insecurities. People experience high culture, freedom,
liberation, and a perpetual state of change but also they can
experience confusion, loss of direction, unpredictability, loss of
control, and anxiety (Taylor, 2010). Consumer culture is an inherent
part of urbanization and modern insecurities which brings its own
futility. Bauman (2001) questions consumerism arguing that it is no
longer self-limiting. In the beginning, products were largely
consumed for the satisfaction of immediate physical needs such as
satiating hunger rather than the mere satisfaction of fanciful
desires. While such consumption allows liberation and choice for
the affluent on the one hand, its lack of limits, on the other, makes
it bitter-sweet given the realization that the acquisition of goods
does not bring prolonged happiness or fulfifilment; indeed a world
of marketing instils a constant feeling of desire and want that can
only temporarily be fulfifilled. In response, Inglehart (1995), Garner
(2000), and Manfredo, Teel, and Bright (2003) propose that
afflfluent societies eventually endorse post-material values which
emphasize the aesthetic and moral appreciation of nature. These
values focus on a general interest in the environment; bringing
nature back in to people’s everyday worlds via active membership
of conservation organizations, wildlife gardening, feeding wild birds
and animals, television programs, radio, popular magazines and
travel to natural environments.

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Nature’s Cure
I. Eco psychologists such as Gottschalk (2001) trace a direct line
between the health of the natural world and the health of
the mind, and claim that people can suffer from “nature
deficit disorder,” which Louv (2011) describes as diminished
use of the senses, attention difficulties, and higher rates of
physical and emotional illness. The need for respite provides
an explanation of why restorative natural environments are
often sought in leisure and tourism settings. Indeed people
choose natural settings when asked to describe a “favorite
place” or a “place they would like to be”

The Psychological Benefits of

Experiencing Wildlife in its Natural
Setting
I. Studies on wildlife tourism have shown how being situated
in nature and immersed in watching animal or bird behavior
allows participants to experience a sense of flow, a peak
experience, a loss of time, and a deep sense of
wonderment and connection with the natural world.
II. Kaplan asserts that although snapshot experiences of
beautiful landscapes can temporarily lift one’s moods,
extended dialogues with wildlife can restore people
psychologically and allow opportunities for inner
contemplation and change. The deepest and strongest
attachments between people and natural occurrences give
rise to “spiritual” experiences in which people feel a sense
of connection with a larger reality that helps give meaning
to their own lives

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Affective Wildlife
Tourism
Wildlife tourism, particularly when conducted in small
groups with a wildlife guide, can be instrumental in
reawakening our connection and love of nature. A
unique combination of interpretation and embodied
tourist experiences can elicit feelings of wonderment,
awe, and engagement; thereby facilitating lasting
sensory impressions, emotional affinities, new
environmental awareness and interests, and treasured
memories.

“The combination of emotional affinity with a reflective,

cognitive response appears to have the most powerful
impact on visitors, leading to a concern and respect not
only for the specific individuals encountered in the
wildlife tourism experience, but the species as a whole. In
this way, the wildlife experience made environmental
issues more personal and relevant to them”

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Planning and
Managing Wildlife
Tourism
When planning and managing wildlife tourism, there
are number of areas that are required to be taken
into consideration. The planning and management
of wildlife tourism is primarily based upon the
places, where the individuals are planning a visit.
The measures that are vital to be taken into
consideration for the planning and management of
wildlife tourism are safety and preventive measures,
preservation of forests, alleviating pollution,
generation of awareness, care of elderly family
members and children and management of other
areas.
These have been stated as follows:
1. Safety and preventive measures
2. Preservation of forests
3. Preventing pollution
4. Generation of awareness
5. Care of elderly family members and children
6. Management of other areas

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• Safety and Preventive Measures - One of the important
aspects that one needs to take into consideration are
the safety measures. The types of safety measures
usually depend upon the places, where the individuals
are planning a visit. For instance, in places such as zoo or
circus, the animals are kept captive, hence, the
individuals do not have to be much concerned regarding
their safety. On the other hand, in national parks, like
Ranthambhore in Rajasthan, when the individuals make
a visit, it is vital for them to wear proper attire, do not
roam around freely and be secure within the bus that is
used for the journey. The effective implementation of
safety and preventive measures make the individuals
feel secure and they are able to fulfil their needs and
objectives. As it has been stated above that in some
cases, individuals have an aim or an objective to fulfil
and wildlife tourism is not just planned for the purpose
of recreation or leisure.
• Preservation of Forests – Forests are regarded to be of
utmost significance for the sustenance of the living
conditions of the individuals. Forests make provision of
variety of materials and products. These benefit not only
the individuals, belonging to rural and tribal
communities, but also the individuals, belonging to
urban areas. Forests serve as the habitat for wild
animals, when deforestation takes place, then it is
apparent that it would lead to extinction of wildlife.
Hence, with the extinction of wildlife, there would be a
decline in wildlife tourism. In the present existence,
forests are being cut down, with the main purpose of
obtaining the wood, as it is used for multiple purposes.
But there have been formulation of laws, stating that
preservation of forests, would lead to preservation of
wildlife. 33
Preventing Pollution – Preventing pollution, primarily water pollution is
regarded to be of utmost significance. In India, there are number of
rivers that are getting polluted. The effects of water pollution are
negative upon the aquatic animals. Research has indicated that
individuals obtain water from the water bodies for the purpose of
carrying out the household responsibilities as well as for the activities of
daily living. The individuals residing in rural and tribal communities, do
experience scarcity of water and hence, they are required to obtain it
from the wells or water bodies. It is vital for the individuals to acquire an
understanding that they need to keep the water bodies free from
pollution. Dumping of waste materials into the rivers and lakes is one of
the primary factors that is causing water pollution. In the present
existence, there is an emergence of a law, if individuals dump waste into
the water bodies or cause their pollution in any form, then they would
be penalized. Hence, alleviation of water pollution is regarded as an
imperative factor that is used to preserve and manage wildlife within
the water bodies.
Generation of Awareness – When the individuals are on the course of
their wildlife tourism, it is essential for them to pay proper attention and
generate awareness in terms of important areas. When individuals are
walking, then it is vital for them to be cautious of various perils and
dangers, especially near the water bodies. Mostly there are sign boards,
around which state ‘Danger ahead’, in case there are any aspects, which
may impose detrimental consequences upon the individuals. When
individuals read them, then they are able to adequately manage their
wildlife tourism. Whereas, when the individuals are unable to generate
awareness regarding various risks, then they may even risk their lives.
There have been an increase in the mortality rate as well as accidents,
just because of the lack of attention on the part of the individuals.
Usually, within the course of wildlife tourism, the individuals pay
attention to other aspects within the natural environment and they get
subjected to accidents. 34
Care of Elderly Family Members and Children – Usually children,
who are below 18 years of age and elderly family members also
may get engaged in wildlife tourism. In the case of these individuals,
it is vital to pay adequate attention. There have been cases, when
children have been prone to major accidents, just because their
parents did not pay adequate attention to them. On the other hand,
when individuals are not ambulatory, then it is vital to make
provision of wheel chairs or walking sticks. In addition, for the
effective management of wildlife tourism, it is essential for the
individuals to carry drinking water and refreshments with them.
Normally, wildlife tourism involves long walks or in safaris,
individuals even take rides and for this purpose, it is necessary for
the individuals to boost their energy levels. In addition, the
individuals should not carry much load in the form of bags or other
items, as when they may carry excessive baggage or loads, then
they would arise impediments within the course of their tourism
activities.
Management of Other Areas – Management of other areas are
regarded as important aspects in the wildlife tourism. The other
areas include, there should be a guide, who may be vested with the
responsibilities to provide adequate guidance and direction to the
individuals, who are primarily visiting for the first time and
especially the individuals, belonging to foreign countries. In
addition, there should be provision of restrooms and resting places
for the individuals. The environmental conditions should be
adequately maintained with posters and signboards. In addition, the
provision of maps also render a significant contribution in providing
proper direction to the individuals. Usually, when guides are not
available, then the individuals are required to plan their wildlife
tourism activities in accordance to the knowledge and information
available through signboards and maps. In most cases, when
individuals do not feel comfortable walking, they make use of
35
vehicles.
Wildlife Conservation
Division
• is division deals with the matter and issues relating to national parks and
wildlife sanctuaries, not covered by the Project Tiger and the Project
Elephant Divisions. The tenth five year plan outlay for the works relating to
this division is of the order of Rs 485 crores. The division also works as a
nodal point for the Wildlife Institute of India and the Central Zoo Authority,
which are self-governing organizations under the administrative control of
the Government of India. The two organizations receive support from the
Government of India in the form of grants, administered by the wildlife
division. The details on these two organizations are provided separately. The
division also deals with the centrally sponsored scheme i.e. “Development
of National Parks and Sanctuaries” and the central sector scheme
“Strengthening of Wildlife Division and Consultancies for Wildlife
Conservation.” The Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 has been amended with
effect from 1 April 2003 (Chapter 9, n.d.).
• The amendments include, inter-alia, provisions that flow from the National
Wildlife Action Plan put into practice within the country in 2002. Two new
categories of protected areas, namely conservation reserves and
community reserves, have been incorporated in the amended act to
smooth the coverage of all biogeographic zones, forest types and wild
species of flora and fauna, and the involvement of the individuals in
establishment and management of such protected areas. The amendment
has also facilitated the issue of certificates of ownership to the bona-fide
possessors of animals, animal articles, trophies, etc., derived from animals
listed in schedule I and part II of schedule II of the act, who had not been
able to declare their belongings earlier. The law has been more severe for
the offenders. It also makes clear that pas, which have areas that have had
rights extinguished under any legislation, will be deemed to be finally
informed (Sections 26-A (b) and Explanation U/S 35(8) of the Act) (Chapter
9, n.d.).

36
 Forest, Biodiversity and
Land Use in India
• Great variation in the climatic conditions has provided
appearance to the variety of forest types, including tropical and sub-
tropical forests in the Western Ghats and eastern Himalayas,
temperate and alpine forests in central and western Himalayan and
desert forests in the arid and semi-arid regions of the county. The
6,78,333 km, constituting 20.64 percent of the geographical area is
under the forest cover in the country. Very dense forest (VDF),
however accounts for only 1.56 percent, while the moderately dense
forest (MDF) and open forest account for 10.32 percent and 8.76
percent respectively. The total forest and tree cover of the country is
estimated to account for 23.68 percent of the country’s land
(Chapter 3, n.d.).
• India contains a great wealth of biodiversity in its forests,
wetlands and marine areas. The country has seven percent of the
mammals, 12.6 percent birds, 62 percent reptiles, 4.4 percent
amphibians, 11.7 percent fishes and six percent plants of the world.
The Western Ghats and eastern Himalayas are biodiversity hotspots.
The faunal species within the country is estimated to be about
81,000, representing about 6.4 percent of the world’s fauna. The
number of plant species within the country is estimated to be over
45,000 representing about seven percent of world’s flora, including
1228 birds, 428 reptiles, 372 mammals, 204 amphibians and 2546
fish species. India is home to 14 biosphere reserves, of which three
are in the world network of biosphere reserve i.e. Sundarbans, Gulf
of Mannar and Nilgiri (Chapter 3, n.d.).

37
Environmental, Social and
Cultural Impacts and Human-
Wildlife Conflicts
• Wildlife tourism can cause significant disturbances to the animals in their natural
habitats. When individuals plan wildlife safaris, then usually animals hid
themselves that they would be harmed or hunted by the human beings. Wildlife
tourism usually scare the animals, especially, during the sensitive times of their
life-cycle, and have an antagonistic effect on breeding. Feeding of wildlife by the
tourists can bring about transformations in the social behaviour patterns. For
example, artificial feeding by the tourists caused a breakdown of the territorial
breeding system of land iguanas in the Galapagos Islands. Humans as well as the
animals can experience unfavourable effects as a result of wildlife tourism. These
are primarily in the form of accidents. The social and cultural influences related to
tourism may include: changes to the family structure and gender roles, leading to
an increase in stress and anxiety and loss of self-esteem for the individuals and
older generations; dilution of local languages and culture; loss of artefacts and
access to private sacred sites; and influences on the health and integrity of the
local cultural systems (Impact of Tourism on Wildlife Conservation, 2013).
• Although wildlife is an appreciated natural resource that brings a range of benefits
to the individuals. In some regions, e.g. Africa, wild animals may impose
unfavourable effects upon the individuals. The unfavourable effects could be in
terms of attacks on people and livestock, damage to crops and other property,
such as infrastructure, and disruption of peaceful existence of local communities,
living close to wildlife areas. Increase in the human populations brings with it an
increasing encroachment into the wildlife habitat, e.g. settlements, cattle posts,
farmlands and so forth (Impact of Tourism on Wildlife Conservation, 2013).
Unavoidably, human-wildlife conflicts have become more common. As it has been
stated, animals do cause extensive damage to the individuals and individuals in
turn impose harm to the animals by hunting them. Deforestation is the cutting
down of the trees in the forests, which have caused extinction of wildlife to a large
extent. Hence, it is necessary to implement measures that would not only lead to
preservation of wildlife, but also individuals need to safeguard themselves and all
types of property from getting damaged by animals.

38
Making Wildlife Tourism
Sustainable
• To make the wildlife tourism sustainable, it is essential to make the optimum
use of the environmental resources that organize the main element in
tourism development, maintaining the indispensable ecological processes
and assisting in the conservation of natural heritage and biodiversity.
Reverence and admiration for the socio-cultural authenticity of the host
communities, conserving their built and living cultural heritage and traditional
values, render an imperative contribution to the inter-cultural understanding
and tolerance. It is vital to ensure that viable, long-term economic operations,
providing socio-economic benefits to the stakeholders are equitably
distributed. These include, stable employment and income-earning
opportunities and social services to the host communities, and contributing
towards the alleviation of poverty (Wildlife Watching and Tourism, 2006). In
India, large number of individuals are residing in the conditions of poverty
and backwardness, it is necessary to generate awareness among them that
they should make proper use of resources to alleviate their conditions of
poverty.
• Sustainable tourism development requires the informed and knowledgeable
participation of all the relevant stakeholders, as well as strong political
leadership to ensure widespread participation and consensus building.
Achieving sustainable tourism is a continuous process and it requires
continuous observing of the impacts, introducing the essential preventive
and/or corrective measures, whenever they are needed. Sustainable tourism
should also maintain satisfaction of the tourists to a major extent and ensure
them a meaningful experience. The awareness of the individuals gets
augmented in terms of sustainability issues and promoting sustainable
tourism practices among them (Wildlife Watching and Tourism, 2006). When
the individuals are getting engaged in activities, then it is vital that they
should possess efficient knowledge. Normally, before planning their tourism
activities, the individuals make use of technology or acquire information from
their friends and relatives.

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• Finally, like all forms of tourism, it is important that wildlife
watching tourism should be sustainable, and should protect the
wildlife, habitats and the communities on which it is dependent.
Sustainable development is defined as the development that meets
the needs and requirements of the present without co-operating
the capability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Sustainable tourism is the tourism that puts the principles of
sustainable development into practice in the management of the
tasks and activities. To be sustainable, tourism needs to make a
positive contribution to the natural, social and cultural
environment, promotes advantages for the host communities, and
not put at risk the future livelihoods of the local people. It is vital
on the part of the individuals to endeavour to anticipate and
prevent economic, environmental, social and cultural deprivation
(Wildlife Watching and Tourism, 2006).

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 Conclusion
• Wildlife tourism is regarded as the tourism that involves primarily
observation of wildlife. The different forms of wildlife tourism
involves, wildlife watching tourism, captive wildlife tourism, hunting
tourism, fishing tourism, consumptive wildlife tourism, wildlife
dependent wildlife tourism, wildlife independent wildlife tourism,
environment, where the interaction occurs, principle type of
encounter and wildlife farm production activities. There are certain
important areas that need to be taken into consideration for the
planning and management of wildlife tourism, these are, safety and
preventive measures, preservation of forests, preventing pollution,
generation of awareness, care of elderly family members and
children, and management of other areas. Wildlife activities render
a significant contribution within the tourism industry and they have
proved to be beneficial to the individuals, nationals, internationals,
communities and nation as a whole.
• Wildlife tourism has been prevalent in India, primarily among the
rural and the tribal communities. On the other hand, the
individuals, who are residing in urban areas, usually explore wildlife
tourism, if they go on a holiday to hilly regions or national parks.
When individuals get engaged in wildlife tourism, there are certain
causes, these are leisure, recreation, education, research study or
simply they develop an interest to observe various forms of wildlife.
It is vital for the individuals to take into consideration various
preventive measures, so that they are able to ensure their
protection. Wildlife tourism is based upon the encounters with the
non-domesticated animals and one has to ensure that animals are
not harmed or get disturbed in any manner.

41
 SOUR
CE
• http://wcsindia.org/home/resource-manual/
• Chapter 3. (n.d.). Importance of Eco-Tourism in India.
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• http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/19757/14
/14_chapter3.pdf

• Chapter 9. (n.d.). Wildlife and Nature Conservation. Retrieved

October 20, 2018 from
• http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/sahyadri_enews/ne
wsletter/issue27/pdfs/9-10.pdf

• Higginbottom, K. (Ed.). (2004). Wildlife Tourism Impacts

Management and Planning.
• Retrieved October 20, 2018 from
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eTourism-impacts.pdf

• Impact of Tourism on Wildlife Conservation. (2013).

Retrieved October 19, 2018 from
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gea_Wild-Life_view.pdf

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2018 from
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E_0.pdf

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