Biodiversity & Healthy Society

CHAPTER 11:
BIODIVERSITY
&
HEALTHY SOCIETY
CHAPTER OUTLINE
 What is biodiversity
 The importance of Biodiversity
 Threats to Biodiversity
 Earth's Biodiversity Hot Spots
 Genetic Modified Organism

OBJECTIVES
At the end of this chapter, the
students should be able to:
• determine the interrelatedness of
society, environment, and health;
• identify human-caused species loss
as one of the major current threats
to Biodiversity;
• define Biodiversity hotspot and
explain where most of the world's
Biodiversity hotspots are located;
and
• familiarize with Genetically
Modified Organism (GMOs).
BIODIVERSIT
BIODIVERSITY
Y
Biodiversit Biodi
y
"Biological Diversity"
• Plays an important role in ecosystem
providing services essential for
people and the healthy society.
• Multifaceted that cover many aspect
of biological differences.
• Supports all life on earth.
• Variety of life forms at structural
level (genetic, species and structural
level).
Variety of life
Variation of on earth at all Measure of
living things its levels, from the number
making the genes to
of species
world ecosystem,
and the
on the
beautiful
place to live ecological and planet or in
(Cunningham, revolutionary a specified
2013). process that area
sustain it (Clarke,
(Bynum, 2013).
2012).
Biodiversity is more than just Species.
SPECIES
 Building
Buildingblocks
blocksof
ofearth
earththat
that
support
supportsystems.
systems.
There
Therewill
willbe beno
nohuman
humansociety
societyatatall
all
without
withoutit.it.
Genetic Species Ecological
Biodiversity Biodiversity Biodiversity
- is a measure -describes the -specifies the
of variety of number of number of niches,
version of the different kinds trophic levels, and
same genes of organisms ecological processes
within within individual that capture, sustain
individual communities or food webs and
species. ecosystem. recycle materials
within the system.
SPECIES BY
NUMBER
Approximately 1.75 million species
have been documented (Mostly
insects and vertebrae).
• 950, 000 species of insects
• 270, 000 species of plants
• 19, 000 species of fish
• 9,000 species of birds
• 4, 000 species of mammals
Millions yet to be classified and
named (National Geographic
Society)
Few are still unknow
IMPORTANCE
OF
BIODIVERSITY
Provides Foods and Medicine
 Pharmaceutical
products are derived
from plants animals
and microbes.
PHL medicine from Antique was named Hedyotis papafranciscoi
Alejandro, sp. nov. in Honor of Pope Francis by RCNAS headed
by Grecebio Alejandro. Used to treat cancer, fever, malaria, and
rheumatism.
Aid Ecosystem Stability
Crocodiles are important in river ecosystem,

fertile the riverbeds, propagate planktons. Around
100 Philippine Crocodiles (Crocodylus
Mindorensis) are left in the world due to
destruction of Mangrove's Forest (I-witness,
2017).
Aesthetic and Existence Value
are Important
 Nature Appreciation is important.
 Provides jobs to local
communities.
 Nature based activities (fishing, hunting, camping, and
hiking) have cultural values.
 Contact with nature can be emotional uplifting and has
moral and religious significance.
THREATS
TO
BIODIVERSITY
 Extinction the elimination of
species can be a normal process.
• Species compete or kill as
environmental conditions changed
like the Ice Age.
 In revolutionary history, Extinction
is common.
• There have been five Extinction
events referred as “bottlenecks" in
Biodiversity.
• documented by fossil records.
• Species that died are replaced by
their descendants as part of the
revolutionary change.
Human activities have  Human activities may
caused fast rate of cause the population of
species Extinction for the species to grow as
the past 150 years. well as led to its demise.
EARTH'S
BIODIVERSITY
HOT SPOTS
Biodiversity Hot Spot
 Areas that support natural ecosystem that are largely intact and where
native species and communities associated with this ecosystem are
well represented.
 Given in 1988 by Norman Myers of Oxford University
 Criteria to qualify as Biodiversity Hot spot
1. Must have at least 1,500 species of vascular plants as endemic
(endemism)
2. Must contain 30% or less of its original natural vegetation
(loss of Biodiversity)
 Areas of high diversity of locally endemic species not found or found
outside the hot spot
 Highly threatened by human actions
 Forest Habitat always face devastation and degradation due to illegal
logging, pollution, and deforestation.
WORLD'S MOST THREATENED
BIODIVERSITY HOT SPOTS
 35 areas as hot spot around the world (Conservation
International)
 2.3% of Earth's land
 Supports 60% of the world's species that are most
endemic.
 Madagascar and the Indian Ocean Island and Sundalan are
the most important Hot Spot (Hrdina and Romportl, 2017).
 Philippines is one of the most diverse countries when in
comes to genetic, species, and ecological Biodiversity.
 Due to human activities, it is also considered as
Biodiversity Hot spot.
 6, 000 endemic species
GENETIC
MODIFIED
ORGANISM
(GMO's)
Due to selective breeding, modern biotechnology is
more efficient, and effective because seed
developers can directly modify the genome of the
crop.
 "Genetic Engineering"
 Selective bred of plants were being enhanced with genes
of another plants.
 E.g. Wheat which cannot be easily drought, Maize which
can survive pesticides, Cassava with additional nutrients
 Can help farming a lot
 Produce higher number of yields.
 Strengthen farming against unpredictable factor of nature.
 Controversy remains on how to access to this
biotechnology and its safety.
THE IMPACT OF GMO TO BIODIVERSITY AND
ENVIRONMENT
The basic goal of biotechnology is to provide the means to feed the

world's hungry.
Long term studies about the potential risk effect of GMO's:
 An insect resistance GM crop could have direct effect on non-target
species.
 A GM crop could have an indirect effect to other species by reducing
the source of food for other wildlife such as birds.
 Pest resurgence could be resulted from insects which become
resistance to chemicals when used on pest tolerant GM crops
repeatedly and may increase the number of insect pest.
 Creating an imbalance in nature by changing the predator/prey ratio.
"THE CHANGE MUST START WITHIN
US” THE CHANGE THAT WILL
ULTIMATELY SAVE EVERYONE'S
HOME~THE EARTH
PREPARED BY:
Malones, Manzanares Maternal, Mindo,

Nezel Mae , Geneel Jan Tricia Mae Arnel
S. S. J. Jayme.

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CHAPTER 11:

Crocodiles are important in river ecosystem,

The basic goal of biotechnology is to provide the means to feed the

Malones, Manzanares Maternal, Mindo,

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