Menstrual Cycle
Menstrual Cycle
Menstrual Cycle
R E L AT E D T E R M I N O LO G I E S
MENARCHE
Firstmenstruation.
It occurs on the average
of 11-14 years old.
PREMENARCHIAL
VA G I N A L B L E E D I N G
Bleeding that occurs
before menarche.
It is a bleeding from
genital tract from day 0 till
puberty (9-10)
P R E C O C LO U S P U B E RT Y
Development of female
secondary sexual characteristics
and fast growth before reaching
the age of 8 in girls and 9 in boys.
This is more common in girls than
boys.
M E N O PAU S E
cessation of menstruation
Average age is 51 years old.
define as three months of
amenorrhea with elevation of
gonadotropins (FSH and LH)
premature menopause occurs
between the ages of 30 to 40 which is
idiopathic.
P R EMEN STR UA L
SYNDROME (PMS)
the activity of the corpus
luteum and associated high
levels of progesterone before a
period can trigger a range side
effect in susceptible women.
TYPICAL SYMPTOMS:
fluidretention: bloating, edema,
breast tenderness.
autonomic changes: headache,
insomnia, fatigue, heart
pounding.
emotional symptoms: crying,
anxiety, depression, mood
swings
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
HORMONES
1) FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONES-
stimulates growth of granulose cells and induces
the enzyme which converts androgens to
estrogens.
2) LEUTENINIZING HORMONES- stimulates
synthesis of prostaglandins to enhance follicle
rupture and ovulation.
3) ESTROGEN- stimulates proliferative changes in
the endometrium. It has a negative feedback to
FSH and a positive feedback to increase GnRH.
4) ANDROGENS- include androstenedione and
testosterone. These are precursors of estrogen
and inhibit FSH induction of LH receptors.
FUNCTIONS OF
ESTROGEN AND
PROGESTERONE
ESTROGEN (Hormone of
t he Wom a n )
A. Primary Function: development
of the secondary sexual
characteristics in female.
B. Inhibits production of Follicle
stimulating hormone (FSH)
C. Responsible for hypotrophy of
myometrium.
Spinnbarkeit- the clear, slippery
texture of an uncooked eggwhite,
typical of cervical mucus during
ovulation.
Ferning – test for the presence of
estrogen in the cervical mucus;
estrogen causes cervical mucus to
dry on a slide in a fernlike pattern; in
pregnancy testing, the fern pattern
does not appear.
E.Responsible for the development of
ductile structure of the breast.
F. Responsible for the increased
osteoblastic activity of long bone
causing an increase in weight.
Osteoblast- cell that begins in the
embryo and during the early growth of
the skeleton, works in forming bone
tissue.
Itbrings together the substances that form
the bone over and over, time grow in
G. Responsible for early closure of
epiphysis of long bones.
H. Responsible for increased sexual
desire in female.
I. Responsible for increased
vaginal lubrication.
J. Responsible for sodium retention
therefore causing weight gain.
PROGESTINE OR
PROGESTERONE
(H ormon
A. Primary e o f tprepares
Function: h e M othe
ther)
endometrium for implantation of
fertilized ovum making it thick and
tortuous (twisted)
B. Secondary Function: inhibits uterine
contractility
C. Inhibits production of luteinizing
E. Responsible for the development
of mammary gland.
F. Responsible for the increased
permeability of kidney to lactose
and dextrose causing (+) 1
sugar in urine.
G. Responsible for increased basal
body temperature.
PA RT S O F T H E B O DY
RESPONSBILE FOR
ME N T R UAT I O N :
Hypothalamus
Anterior Pituitary Gland (APG)-
Master clock of the body
Uterus
Ovaries
W H AT I S
M E N S T R U AT I O N ?
Itis a cyclic uterine bleeding caused
by shedding of progestational
endometrium that occurs between
menarche and menopause.
Also known as: MENSTRAUL
BLEEDING, MENSES or a PERIOD.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
N O R M A L M E N S T R U AT I O N
1. MENARCHE: 10-16 years old (13 is
average)
2. DURATION: 2-7 days (<2 days is
hypomenorrhea and >7 is menorrhagia)
3. AMOUNT: 30-80 ml., uses 3 napkins per
day (>80 ml is menorrhagia and <30
ml. is hypomenorrhea)
THE HYPOTHALAMIC-
P I T U I TA RY- O VA R I A N
A
2X I S components of menstrual
main
cycle:
1.PREMORDIAL FOLLICLES
– Formed during intrauterine life.
- the immature follicles inside the
ovary that contain premature ova.
- several of these cell develops under
the FSH during menstruation.
2. GRAAFIAN FOLLICLES
- developing primordial follicle is
called graafian follicle.
- described as a blister like structure
barely visible to the naked eye.
- As it develops, the oocyte within it
matures.
- secrete large amounts of estrogen
3. CORPUS LUTEUM
- produce progesterone, although secretes
estrogen
- has life-span of 7-8 days.
- if fertilization occurs, the trophoblast cells of
the zygote secretes HCG which prolongs the life
of corpus luteum and stimulates it in producing
progesterone.
- corpus luteum of pregnancy secretes not only
progesterone but also relaxin, activins, inhibins
and oxytocin
- continue to produce progesterone until 8-12
4. CORPUS AMBILICANS
- complete regression of the CL occurs
before menstruation, later it will be seen
as a white fibrous tissue, called corpus
ambilicans or corpus albicantia.
O VA R I A N C Y C L E
Regular menstruation
occurring at normal
intervals but with heavy
blood loss.
METRORRHAGIA
Abnormal prolongation of
the intermenstrual period
every 5 weeks or more
Infrequent or light
menstrual cycles.
AMENORRHEA
Absence of menstruation.
This
is considered abnormal apart from pre-
puberty, pregnancy, lactation and
menopause.
Primary
amenorrhea means that the
menstrual bleeding has never occurred.
Secondaryamenorrhea means that previously
menstrual bleeding had occurred.
Possible
causes include low body weight and
excessive exercise. Most often it is a result of
of hormonal imbalances involving the ovaries,
P O LY M E N O R R H E A