Lesson 2 Ethics

CONTEXTUALIZED ETHICS
- Gawa refers to the free action that is oriented toward a

particular end.
- Gawi refers to a free kind of work. However, instead of
focusing on a particular end like a product or fulfillment,
gawi refers to the kind of acts that people are used to
accomplishing.
Thus, kagawian or habitual

action/habituation is the Filipino
equivalent of ethos in Greek or
Ethics.
- Madaling maging tao, mahirap magpakatao.

- Ethics not only serves as a path to happiness
but also reaches out in fullness of reflection for
that action which is an obligation for a human
being.
The Filipino student is, therefore,
invited to outgrow kung saan ka
masaya suportahan kita and get to
sa dapat mong gawin ka talaga
sasaya.
Why Study Ethics/Moral Philosophy?
- It deepens our reflection on the ultimate

questions of life.
- It helps us to think better about morality.
- It sharpens our general thinking.
The conception of the Good is
shaped by culture as it is the very
basic system of codes that shapes
human behavior.
BUT WHOSE CONCEPTION OF THE GOOD IS
“THE GOOD”?
1. Usually, the good is defined by a dominant system or

group.
2. The good is defined by what has worked for people to
flourish.
3.People value cooperation over conflict because it makes
human survival easier.
The discipline of ethics is
important because it provides
people with a basis upon which to
discern their own accepted ethical
systems.
What is Ethics?
- Ethical norms and the question of good and evil arise

when people need to act as a free persons.
- Ethics has something to do with realizing the fullest
potential as free persons acting in the world and doing
right for others.
What is Ethics?
- is the philosophical study of morality.

- Morality refers to beliefs concerning right and
wrong, good and bad – beliefs that can
include judgements, values, rules, principles
and theories.
What is Ethics?
- Ethics/Morality helps guide our actions,

define our values and give us reasons for
being the persons we are.
What is Ethics?
- The term ethics comes from the Greek word ethos,

which means custom, a characteristic, or habitual way of
doing things, or action that is properly derived from
one’s character.
- The Latin word mos or moris (and its plural mores) from
which the adjective moral is derived is equivalent to
ethos. In purely etymological point of view, ethical and
moral are, therefore, synonymous.
Moral Philosophy (Ethics)
• To do moral philosophy (or ethics) is to reason about
the ultimate questions of morality.
• Metaethics:
What is the nature and methodology of moral
judgments?
• Normative Ethics:
What principles ought to live?
Moral Philosophy (Ethics) accordingly has two
branches
• Metaethics studies the nature and methodology of
moral judgements. It asks questions like: What do
“good” and “ought” mean? Are there moral truths?
• Normative ethics bases morality on social

conventions. It asks questions like: What are the basic
principles of right and wrong? What makes a good
(virtuous) person? What things in life are ultimately
worthwhile?
Normative Ethics has two levels
• Normative ethical theory looks for very general
principles, like “ we ought to do whatever maximizes
the pleasure (happiness) of everyone.”
• The other level is:

• Applied ethics studies specific moral issues like
abortion or lying or moral questions in areas like
business or medicine.
Moral Judgment
• Ex: When Ted says: Driving with a blood alcohol
level of 0.09 is wrong because it violates the
traffic code.”
- The example doesn’t make a moral judgment, it
makes a LEGAL one.
( Ted is appealing not to a moral principle but to a
legal rule.)
Moral Judgment
• Ex: Barry makes an assessment of Franz Kafka’s
novel and he said: The plot is pretty good, but
the character development is dreadfully thin. So,
overall, I think the book is pretty bad.”
- Barry is not making a moral judgement nor legal
judgement, he expresses an AESTHETIC
judgement.
Moral Judgment
•Ex: Ben says to Ben “ I need to play
more golf. It’s good for my sense of well
being.”
- Ben is making a PRUDENTIAL
judgement – based solely on the interest
of the individual.
7 STEPS OF MORAL REASONING MODEL
• 1. Stop and think – it is best to pause for a moment and think
about the situation itself.
• 2. Clarity goals – it is necessary to clarify your short-term and
long-term goal.
• 3. Determine facts – make sure you gather information
before you make a choice.
• 4. Develop options – once you are clear in terms of your
goals and facts, try to come up with alternative options to
exhaust all possible courses of action.
7 STEPS OF MORAL REASONING MODEL
• 5. Consider consequences – Filter your choices and separate
the ethical from the unethical choices bearing in mind both
your motives and potential consequences of actions.
• 6. Choose – Make a decision. If the choice is hard to make, try
consulting others who may have knowledge or experience of
your situation.
• 7. Monitor and modify – Monitor what happens after your
decision and have enough humility to modify your action or
behavior as necessary.

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What is the difference between gawi and gawian?

What are the two branches of moral philosophy?

CONTEXTUALIZED ETHICS

- Gawa refers to the free action that is oriented toward a

Thus, kagawian or habitual

- Madaling maging tao, mahirap magpakatao.

- It deepens our reflection on the ultimate

1. Usually, the good is defined by a dominant system or

- Ethical norms and the question of good and evil arise

- is the philosophical study of morality.

- Ethics/Morality helps guide our actions,

- The term ethics comes from the Greek word ethos,

• Normative ethics bases morality on social

• The other level is:

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