Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 67 views

    Writing Research Hypotheses

    Uploaded by

    Shaheena Sana
    This document defines hypotheses and discusses their importance in research. It provides several definitions of hypotheses from different authors, establishing that a hypothesis is a conjectural statement or tentative explanation about the relationship between two or more variables. The document notes there are two main types of hypotheses: the null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis. It emphasizes that null hypotheses are tested in research and one either rejects or fails to reject the null hypothesis based on evidence. Finally, the document provides some examples of research hypotheses formulated as statements to be tested.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Writing Research Hypotheses

    Uploaded by

    Shaheena Sana
    67 views14 pages
    This document defines hypotheses and discusses their importance in research. It provides several definitions of hypotheses from different authors, establishing that a hypothesis is a conjectural statement or tentative explanation about the relationship between two or more variables. The document notes there are two main types of hypotheses: the null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis. It emphasizes that null hypotheses are tested in research and one either rejects or fails to reject the null hypothesis based on evidence. Finally, the document provides some examples of research hypotheses formulated as statements to be tested.

    Original Description:

    research methods

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document defines hypotheses and discusses their importance in research. It provides several definitions of hypotheses from different authors, establishing that a hypothesis is a conjectural statement or tentative explanation about the relationship between two or more variables. The document notes there are two main types of hypotheses: the null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis. It emphasizes that null hypotheses are tested in research and one either rejects or fails to reject the null hypothesis based on evidence. Finally, the document provides some examples of research hypotheses formulated as statements to be tested.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    67 views14 pages

    Writing Research Hypotheses

    Uploaded by

    Shaheena Sana
    This document defines hypotheses and discusses their importance in research. It provides several definitions of hypotheses from different authors, establishing that a hypothesis is a conjectural statement or tentative explanation about the relationship between two or more variables. The document notes there are two main types of hypotheses: the null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis. It emphasizes that null hypotheses are tested in research and one either rejects or fails to reject the null hypothesis based on evidence. Finally, the document provides some examples of research hypotheses formulated as statements to be tested.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 14

    Writing Research Hypotheses

    Research Methodology and Manuscript


    Writing
    Definitions of hypothesis
    ƒ
    “Hypotheses are single tentative guesses,
    good hunches – assumed for use in devising
    theory or planning experiments intended to
    be given a direct experimental test when
    possible” (Eric Rogers, 1966)
     “A hypothesis is a conjectural statement of
    the relation between two or more
    variables”. (Kerlinger, 1956)
    Definitions of hypothesis
    ƒ
    “Hypothesis is a formal statement that
    presents the expected relationship
    between an independent and dependent
    variable.”(Creswell, 1994)
    ƒ
    “A research question is essentially a
    hypothesis asked in the form of a
    question.”
    Definitions of hypothesis
     “It is a tentative prediction about the nature of the
    relationship between two or more variables.”
    ƒ
    “A hypothesis can be defined as a tentative
    explanation of the research problem, a possible
    outcome of the research, or an educated guess about
    the research outcome.” (Sarantakos, 1993: 1991)
    Definitions of hypothesis
     “Hypotheses are always in declarative sentence
    form, as they relate, either generally or
    specifically, variables to variables.”
    ƒ
    “An hypothesis is a statement or explanation that
    is suggested by knowledge or observation but has
    not, yet, been proved or disproved.” (Macleod
    Clark J and Hockey L 1981)
    Types of Hypotheses
     NULL HYPOTHESES
    Designated by: H0 or HN Pronounced as “H-not” or “H-null”
     ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESES
    Designated by: H1 or HA
    Nature of Hypothesis
     Hypothesis is a clear statement of what is intended to be
    investigated. It should be specified before research is conducted
    and openly stated in reporting the results. This allows to:
     Identify the research objectives Identify the key abstract concepts
    involved in the research Identify its relationship to both the problem
    statement and the literature review
     A problem cannot be scientifically solved unless it is reduced to
    hypothesis formƒIt is a powerful tool of advancement of knowledge,
    consistent with existing knowledge and conducive to further enquiry
    Nature of Hypothesis
    ƒ
    It can be tested –verifiable or falsifiableƒ
    .
    Hypotheses are not moral or ethical questions
     It is neither too specific nor to generalƒ
     It is a prediction of consequences
    ƒIt is considered valuable even if proven false
    We give special consideration to the
    null hypothesis…
     This is due to the fact that the null hypothesis relates to
    the statement being tested, whereas the alternative
    hypothesis relates to the statement to be accepted if
    /when the null is rejected.
    T
    ƒhe final conclusion, once the test has been carried out,
    is always given in terms of the null hypothesis.
    Null Hypothesis
     We either 'reject H0 in favor of H1' or 'do not reject H0';
    we never conclude 'reject H1', or even 'accept H1'.
     If we conclude 'do not reject H0', this does not
    necessarily mean that the null hypothesis is true, it only
    suggests that there is not sufficient evidence against H0
    in favor of H1; rejecting the null hypothesis then,
    suggests that the alternative hypothesis may be true.
    Null Hypothesis
     The null hypothesis represents a theory that has been put forward,
    either because it is believed to be true or because it is to be used as a
    basis for argument, but has not been proved.
     Has serious outcome if incorrect decision is made!
     The alternative hypothesis is a statement of what a hypothesis test is
    set up to establish.
     Opposite of Null Hypothesis.
     ƒ
    Only reached if H0 is rejected.
     ƒ
    Frequently “alternative” is actual desired conclusion of the researcher!
    Research hypotheses
     To determine the effect of reduction in working capital on profitability
    H1: Reduction of working capital has significant effect on profitability of
    firm
     Examining fluctuation in interest rate with reference to inflation
    H1: Inflation significantly effects interest rates fluctuations
     Determination of optimal marketing strategy for computers
    H1: It can be significantly determined that there exists an optimal
    marketing strategy for computers
     Relating tax base with tax to GDP ratio in Pakistan
    H1: There exists significant relationship between tax base and tax to GDP
    ratio in Pakistan
     To see the effect of media coverage of life style of people of Pakistan
    H1: Media coverage has significant effect of life style of people of Pakistan
     Finding out the effect of capital structure on ROE
    H1: Capital Structure has significant effect on ROE
     Evaluating long term effect of mergers on companies growth rate
    H1: Mergers have significant long term effect on growth rate of
    companies
     Linking sustainable growth of MFIs and capacity building
    H1: Capacity building significantly affects sustainability of MFIs
     To check the impact of monetary incentive on employees satisfaction
    H1: Monetary incentives have significant effect on employee
    satisfaction
     Fertilizers contribution in yield of Kharif crops in Pakistan
    H1: Fertilizers have significant contribution in the yield of Kharif
    crops in Pakistan
    Thank You

    You might also like