Unit 1 PPM
Unit 1 PPM
Unit 1 PPM
D
INTRODUCTION
PRINCIPILES OF MANAGEMENT
UNIT 1
DEVEL0PING MANAGEMENT THOUGHT
CONTRIBUTION TO MANAGEMENT
WHAT IS SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT ?
MANAGEMENT VIEW.
Hawthorne experiments
• The term “Hawthorne” is a term used within several
behavioral management theories
• and is originally derived from the western electric
company’s large factory complex named Hawthorne works.
• Starting in 1905 and operating until 1983, Hawthorne
works had 45,000 employees and it produced a wide
variety of consumer products, including telephone
equipment, refrigerators and electric fans.
• As a result, Hawthorne works is well-known for its
enormous output of telephone equipment and most
importantly for its industrial experiments and studies
carried out.
• In 1927, a group of researchers led by Elton Mayo and Fritz
Roethlisberger of the Harvard Business School were invited to join
in the studies at the Hawthorne Works of Western Electric
Company, Chicago.
• Experiment lasted up to1932
• Experiment bought out productivity of employees is not a function
depending on work wages paid to employees but it depends on
satisfaction of employees in work environment.
• He tried to bring out emotional factors which effected productivity
efficiency.
• He pointed out of all factors influencing human behavior the most
important was workers participation in social groups
• Mayo pointed out that work arrangement in addition to production
requirement objectives was key subjective requirement of
employees for social satisfaction.
Hawthorne experiments consisted for four
phases
1.llumination Experiment
2.Relay Assembly Test Room Experiment
3.Interviewing Program
4.Bank Wiring Test Room Experiment
llumination Experiment
Employees can perceive their job as relaxing and normal. They exercise
their physical and mental efforts in an inherent manner in their jobs
• Employees may not require only threat, external control and coercion to
work, but they can use self-direction and self-control if they are dedicated
and sincere to achieve the organizational objectives
• If the job is rewarding and satisfying, then it will result in employees’
loyalty and commitment to organization
• An average employee can learn to admit and recognize the responsibility.
In fact, he can even learn to obtain responsibility
• The employees have skills and capabilities. Their logical capabilities should
be fully utilized. In other words, the creativity, resourcefulness and
innovative potentiality of the employees can be utilized to solve
organizational problems
Contrubutions by Herbert A Simon