1 Agricultural Extension
1 Agricultural Extension
1 Agricultural Extension
FOR
AGRICULTURISTS
Review Materials
(AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION)
Prepared by:
Dr. BLANDA R. SUMAYAO
Professor
University of the Philippines Los Baños
College, Laguna 1
(AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION)
IN A NUTSHELL
has its own HISTORY
is oriented towards on OBJECTIVE
works according to PRINCIPLES
is based on THEORIES
performs FUNCTIONS
takes on VARIOUS FORMS
Chooses METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES
uses suitable TOOLS
is practiced within EXTENSION APPROACHES
BRSumayao UPLB 2
EARLY BEGINNINGS
(Europe and the USA)
started from DEVELOPED COUNTRIES
originated from UNIVERSITIES
thus derived from EDUCATIONAL
DEVELOPMENTS in these universities
hence, is an EDUCATIONAL PROCESS
aimed at changing BEHAVIOR OF PEOPLE
BRSumayao UPLB 3
EARLY BEGINNINGS . . .
A. Stirrings in the 19th century England
• In 1840’s…
The term UNIVERSITY EXTENSION was first
commonly used in BRITAIN
• In 1850’s…
Discussions began in two ancient
universities
OXFORD
CAMBRIDGE
about how they could serve the needs of the
rapidly growing population in the industrial,
BRSumayao UPLB urban areas 4
EARLY BEGINNINGS . . .
• In 1867…
First practical attempt was made in
what was designated “UNIVERSITY
EXTENSION”
not for students enrolled in the
universities
bringing the university outside of its
campus to people who could not
qualify for entry into university
BRSumayao UPLB 5
EARLY BEGINNINGS . . .
• In 1871…
JAMES STUART
Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge
Appealed to authorities of University
of Cambridge to organize CENTERS FOR
EXTENSION LECTURES under
university’s supervision
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EARLY BEGINNINGS . . .
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EARLY BEGINNINGS . . .
• In 1873…
UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE adopted
the system
• In 1876…
UNIVERSITY OF LONDON followed
• In 1878…
UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD followed
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EARLY BEGINNINGS . . .
• In 1880’s…
- system became well-established and developed into
what was to be called EXTENSION MOVEMENT
- thus, extension became a more
INSTITUTIONALIZED FUNCTION of the universities
- tri-functions therefore of universities
INSTRUCTION
RESEARCH
EXTENSION
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EARLY BEGINNINGS . . .
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EARLY BEGINNINGS . . .
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EARLY BEGINNINGS . . .
• In the USA
1850’s – TWO DEVELOPMENTS significant to
the evolution of agricultural extension in the
USA
1. Signing of the MORILL ACT of 1862 by Pres.
Lincoln during the Civil War providing for
the creation of LAND GRANT COLLEGES
AND UNIVERSITIES
Funds were made available from the Federal
Government to establish demonstration
centers/experimental stations
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EARLY BEGINNINGS . . .
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EARLY BEGINNINGS . . .
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EARLY BEGINNINGS . . .
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EXTENSION IN THE PHILIPPINE SETTING:
The Significant Milestones
• 1565
The beginnings of “extension work”
through the setting up of GRANJAS
MODELOS or MODEL FARMS
initiated by the first Spanish
missionaries
to educate farmers who grew rice,
corn, tobacco in large
encomiendos.
BRSumayao UPLB 17
Philippine Setting . . .
BRSumayao UPLB 18
Philippine Setting . . .
• July 1910
Creation of the DEMONSTRATION AND EXTENSION
DIVISION under the Bureau of Agriculture making
it the
- FIRST FORMALLY ORGANIZED
GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENT
IMPLEMENTING RESEARCH AND EXTENSION
PROGRAMS
Setting up of several experiment stations and
demonstration farms in strategic places in the
country.
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Philippine Setting . . .
• 1910…
Agricultural schools were also
established to educate and train
government agricultural workers
and others engaged in agricultural
services.
BRSumayao UPLB 21
Philippine Setting . . .
BRSumayao UPLB 22
Philippine Setting . . .
• 1923 …
The name Demonstration and Extension
Division was changed to AGRICULTURAL
EXTENSION SERVICE
Related events
HOME EXTENSION WORK was started in
the Division of Organic Chemistry of the
Bureau of Soils mainly on FOOD
PRESERVATION
MARIA Y. OROSA founded the home
extension service.
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Philippine Setting . . .
• 1929 …
The Bureau of Agriculture was
reorganized with the creation of the
Bureau of Animal Industry
Bureau of Plant Industry
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Philippine Setting . . .
• 1936 …
COMMONWEALTH ACT 85 was passed
establishing PROVINCIAL EXTENSION
SERVICES financed by the provincial and
municipal governments
Some significant result
emergence of BROADER AND MORE
COMPREHENSIVE AGRICULTURAL
EXTENSION SYSTEM
BRSumayao UPLB 25
Philippine Setting . . .
Some CONSTRAINTS
The home economics group was under
the Plant Utilization Division of BPI
Insufficiency of funds
Unsystematic, scattered, and
decentralized agricultural extension
service work done by the different
branches of government made it difficult
for extension agents to render fully
satisfactory service to the people.
BRSumayao UPLB 27
Philippine Setting . . .
• Undated
COMMONWEALTH ACT 649 was
passed INCREASING the AMOUNT
APPROPRIATED FOR EXTENSION
WORK
Set-up of agricultural extension
service CONTINUED UNTIL THE
OUTBREAK OF WORLD WAR II
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Philippine Setting . . .
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Philippine Setting . . .
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Philippine Setting . . .
• 1950
The Philippine Government REQUESTED the
USA to SEND AN ECONOMIC SURVEY
MISSION to the Philippines to:
BRSumayao UPLB 31
Philippine Setting . . .
• In July 1952
Congress enacted REPUBLIC ACT No. 680
CREATING THE BUREAU OF AGRICULTURAL
EXTENSION (BAEx).
This was in RESPONSE TO the
recommendation of the BELL SURVEY
MISSION that all the extension activities of
the DA become the responsibility of one
bureau.
BRSumayao UPLB 33
Philippine Setting . . .
• August 8, 1963
The BAEx was RENAMED
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIVITY
COMMISSION (APC) and placed
UNDER the OFFICE OF THE
PRESIDENT.
BRSumayao UPLB 34
Philippine Setting . . .
• Undated
Executive Order No. 62 creating the
RICE AND CORN AUTHORITY (RCA)
extended CREDIT for seeds,
pesticides, and harvesting
had FERTILIZER SUBSIDY
PROGRAM for participating
farmers
BRSumayao UPLB 37
Philippine Setting . . .
• In 1969
Executive Order No. 183 creating the
NATIONAL FOOD AND AGRICULTURE
COUNCIL (NFAC)
was given FULL CONTROL OF FOOD
PRODUCTION PROGRAM
CONTROLLED a large portion of
FUNDS for agriculture and funding
from The USAID
BRSumayao UPLB 38
Philippine Setting . . .
• In 1972
Declaration of MARTIAL LAW
Several ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGES
AFFECTED AGRICULTURAL
EXTENSION.
BRSumayao UPLB 39
Philippine Setting . . .
• November 1, 1972
Presidential Decree No. 1 and
Presidential Letter of
Implementation REVERTED THE APC
TO ITS ORIGINAL NAME, THE BAEx
BRSumayao UPLB 40
Philippine Setting . . .
• Other CHANGES
Functions and personnel of COOPERATIVES were
TRANSFERRED to the DEPARTMENT OF LOCAL
GOVERNMENT AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
(DILG)
Presidential Decree 970
ABOLISHED the Bureau of Farm Management
of the DAR
DAR’s extension function was TRANSFERRED to
BAEx
BRSumayao UPLB 41
Philippine Setting . . .
• July 1, 1973
The BAEx was TRANSFERRED back
to DA
The ABACA and OTHER FIBERS
BOARD was FUSED with BAEx
BRSumayao UPLB 42
Philippine Setting . . .
• In 1977
A WORLD BANK MISSION APPRAISED the
Philippines’ agricultural extension service UPON
REQUEST of the Philippine government
RESULTS
The Philippines ADOPTED the TRAINING AND
VISIT SYSTEM (T & V)) which evolved into a
development strategy designed to improve the
quality of life of farm families through a pool of
resources.
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Philippine Setting . . .
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Philippine Setting . . .
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Philippine Setting . . .
• In 1978
PD No. 1579 and LOI No. 595 CREATED MINISTRY-
WIDE REGIONAL OFFICES in the Ministry of
Agriculture
APPOINTMENT of 75 PAOs in 1980
EO No. 967- RENAMED the Ministry of Agriculture
into the MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND FOOD
(MAF); transferred the BFAR from the Ministry of
Natural Resources to the MAF
BRSumayao UPLB 46
Philippine Setting . . .
• In 1982…
EO No. 803 designating the PROVINCE
as the POLITICAL UNIT OF
MANAGEMENT for INDUCING
AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
BRSumayao UPLB 47
Philippine Setting . . .
Organizational Set-up
Minister of Agriculture
Regional Director
BRSumayao UPLB 48
Philippine Setting . . .
BRSumayao UPLB 49
Philippine Setting . . .
• In 1987…
EO No. 116 – MERGED the
BAEx
Agricultural Training Council
Philippine Training Center for Rural
Development
into the
AGRICULTURAL TRAINING INSTITUTE (ATI)
The “BIRTH” of the ATI meant the “DEATH” of
the BAEx
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Philippine Setting . . .
ATI’s Mandate…
BRSumayao UPLB 51
Philippine Setting . . .
• In 1991…
RA No. 7160 – LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE
DEVOLVED AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION
AND TRAINING ACTIVITES to the LOCAL
GOVERNMENT UNITS (LGUs)
BRSumayao UPLB 52
Philippine Setting . . .
• In 1997…
A legal instrument
RA 8435 known as the AGRICULTURE
AND FISHERIES MODERNIZATION ACT
or AFMA
BRSumayao UPLB 53
Philippine Setting . . .
BRSumayao UPLB 54
Philippine Setting… AFMA
• Definition of Terms
MODERNIZATION
The PROCESS of
TRANSFORMING the
AGRICULTURE & FISHERIES sectors
into one that is
DYNAMIC
TECHNOLOGICALLY ADVANCED
COMPETITIVE
BRSumayao UPLB 55
Philippine Setting… AFMA
Yet CENTERED on
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
and GUIDED by sound practices of
SUSTAINABILITY
and the PRINCIPLES of SOCIAL
JUSTICE
BRSumayao UPLB 56
Philippine Setting… AFMA
• Food Security…
The POLICY OBJECTIVE, PLAN, and STRATEGY of
1. MEETING FOOD REQUIREMENTS of PRESENT
and FUTURE GENERATIONS of Filipinos in
SUBSTANTIAL QUANTITY
2. ensuring the AVAILABILITY and
AFFORDABILITY of food TO ALL
3. either through LOCAL PRODUCTION or
IMPORTATION, or both
BRSumayao UPLB 57
Philippine Setting… AFMA
BRSumayao UPLB 58
Philippine Setting… AFMA
• Global competitiveness…
The ABILITY to COMPETE in terms of
PRICE
QUALITY
VOLUME
OF AGRICULTURE AND FISHERY PRODUCTS relative to those of
OTHER COUNTRIES
BRSumayao UPLB 60
Philippine Setting… AFMA
BRSumayao UPLB 61
Philippine Setting… AFMA
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Philippine Setting… AFMA
4. REDUCTION of rural
UNEMPLOYMENT
5. Reduction of incidence of
MALNUTRITION, and
6. IMPROVEMENT in LAND TENURE of
small farmers.
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Philippine Setting… AFMA
BRSumayao UPLB 64
Philippine Setting… AFMA
BRSumayao UPLB 66
Philippine Setting… AFMA
BRSumayao UPLB 67
Philippine Setting… AFMA
• Strategy
utilization of RESEARCH RESULTS through
FE
NFE
extension and training services
development of a NATIONAL EXTENSION
SYSTEM that will help accelerate the
transformation of Philippine agriculture and
fisheries from a resource-based to a
technology-based industry
BRSumayao UPLB 68
Philippine Setting… AFMA
BRSumayao UPLB 69
Philippine Setting… AFMA
• Role of LGUs
Responsible for delivering direct agriculture
and fisheries extension services
The province is mandated to “integrate the
operations of the agriculture extension services
and undertake an annual evaluation of all
municipal extension program.”
BRSumayao UPLB 70
Philippine Setting… AFMA
• Role of Private Sector
Encourage PARTICIPATION of farmers and
fisherfolks cooperatives and associations and
others in the private sector in the TRAINING
and other COMPLEMENTARY EXTENSION
ACTIVITIES especially in
community organizing
use of participatory approaches
popularization of training materials
regenerative agricultural technologies
agribusiness and management skills
BRSumayao UPLB 71
Philippine Setting… AFMA
• Role of SUCs
ASSIST in the LGUs’ extension system by
IMPROVING their effectiveness and efficiency
through
capability building
complementary extension activities such as
TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
TRAINING OF LGU PERSONNEL
IMPROVEMENT OF PHYSICAL FACILITIES
EXTENSION CUM RESEARCH AND
INFORMATION SUPPORT SERVICES.
BRSumayao UPLB 72
Philippine Setting… AFMA
• Financing Scheme
Allocation of multi-year budgets that shall
be treated as grants
Transfer of funds from DA to the LGUs as
extension grants
Placing the budget for agriculture and
fishery at a minimum of 1 % of the Gross
Value Added
BRSumayao UPLB 73
Philippine Setting… AFMA
• Strategic Shift
From food security as the SOLE
RESPONSIBILITY of the DA TOWARDS
SHARING that responsibility with the LGUs
and OTHER STAKEHOLDERS
From PURE COMMODITY, PRODUCTION
VOLUME orientation towards RESULTS,
GREATER VALUE-ADDED, PROFITABILITY, and
PEOPLE’S WELFARE
BRSumayao UPLB 74