The Assigment of Psycholinguistic

Compiled:
1) Dian Apriyanti (1688203011)

2) Renita Wati (1688203035)
Lecturer :M. Mukhlas, M.Pd
English Education Study Program

Stkip Nurul Huda Tanah Merah
Oku Timur
Academic Year 2018/2019
A.Structure and Function of the Brain
a.Structure
 The brain is inside the skull and is surrounded by tissue called the meninges
membrane. This membrane is composed of three layers, namely the outer layer
close to the bone, durameter; middle layer, orachoid; inner layer attached to the
marrow surface, piamete.
 The size of our brain is roughly equivalent to a large sweet orange, this amazing
object weighing one and a half kilograms consists mostly of 78% water, 10% less
fat, and 8% less protein. The biggest part, which is the largest portion of our brain
80% is called the cerebrum.
 This large brain consists of billions of cells and is divided into two parts (right and
left hemispheres).
 The large human brain is divided into four main parts called the lobe, namely the
frontal lobe, middle (parietal) lobe, occipital lobe, and temporal lobe.
No Main Structure Fuction
1 Brain skin (the outermost Engages in enlightenment and sensory information
layer of the brain processing, thinking, other cognitive processes, and
hemisphere) motorized information planning and delivery
2 Basal ganglia (collections Crucial to motor system function
of nucleons and neural
networks)
3 Limbic systems Engaged in learning, emotion and motivation (details,
(hippocampus, amygdala, the hippocampus affects anger and aggression, and the
and septum) septum affects anger and fear)
4 Tallamus The main transmitter station for sendoric information
that comes to the brain; channel information to the right
region of the brain through nerve fibers that travel from
the thalamus to specific cortical regions; combining a
number of nuclei that receive specific types of sensory
information and channel them to the skin region of the
hypothalamus brain. Control the endocrine system;
control the autonomic nervous system such as regulation
of internal body temperature, sensory regulation and
thirst, and other key functions; seen in the regulation of
behavior related to species survival (fighting, eating,
self-defending, and mating); engaging in emotions of
pleasure, pain, and reaction to pressure and stress
N0 Main Structure Function
5 Superior Coliculi (Above) Involved in vision (especially visual reflections)
6 Inferior Coliculi (Below) Involved in hearing
7 Reticular activation system It is important to control consciousness (sleep awake),

(RAS; also extends to the attention, cardiorespiratory function, and body
brain back) movements
8 Gray matter, red nucleus, It is important to control
substantia nigra, ventral
region
9 Serebellium's Essential body movements for balance Coordination
and harmony
10 Pons muscle movements (up Engaging in awareness (sleep and awake); bridging
to areas containing RAS) the transmission of neurons from one part of the brain
to another; involved with nerve nerves in the face
11 Medula oblongata Functioning as a crossing point where the nerve leads
cross from one side of the body to the opposite side
of the brain (contralateralist); involved in functions
such as cardiorespiratory, digestion and swallowing
 The brain consists of two hemispheres, namely,
left and right hemispheres.
 At around two years of age, the right hemisphere develops
further the left hemisphere.
 The left hemisphere is dominant for speech-language, but
without right hemispheric activity, one will become
monotonous with no prosody, no sentence song; there is
emotion; without accompanied by language cues. The speech-
language function is centered on the left hemisphere for
right-handed people. This left hemisphere is called the
dominant hemisphere for language, and the cortex is called
the language cortex.
 The left hemisphere has significance for speech-language,
also contributing to verbal memory function. While the
right hemisphere functions for emotions, songs, gestures,
both emotional and verbal
 From the structure and organization of the human brain it
appears that the brain holds an important role in language.
 If the input is in oral form, then the sounds

are responded to in the temporal lobe,
especially by the primary cortex of hearing.
Once received, processed, and digested like
this, the sounds of the language were "sent" to
the Wernicke area for interpretation. In this
area the sounds are sorted into syllables,
words, phrases, clauses, and finally sentences.
After being given meaning and understanding
its contents, , there are two possible
pathways:
If the input is just information
that does not need to be responded to, then
the input is simply saved in memory.
If the input needs to be
addressed verbally, then the interpretation is
sent to Broca's area through the strong
fasciculus.
If the input is not in oral form, but in writing.
Input is not responded to by the
primary auditory cortex, but by the visual cortex
in the ocital lobe. This input is not directly sent
to the Wernicke area, but must pass through the
angular gyrus which coordinates the area
of understanding with the occipital area. After
this stage, the process is the same, that is, the
input is understood by Wernicke's daerha, then
sent to Broca's area if verbal responses are
needed. If the response is also visual, then the
information is sent to the parietal area for
visualization.
Note:
The Wernicke area is sensory, while the Broca area is a motoric
area. If the Wernicke area is disrupted, it will cause failure to
understand spoken language which is heard. If Broca's area is
disturbed, then humans can understand the information he
receives, but fail to produce spoken language.
 Many psychologists have doubted the theory of lateralization,
that the centers of language and speech are in the left
hemisphere. They argue that all brains are responsible and
involved in the process of understanding and producing language.
(Simanjuntak, 1990).
 The following are some experiments that have been conducted to
support the theory of lateralization:
 Double Listening Test (Dichtic Listening)
 Electrical Stimulation of Brain
 Graph Test of Electris (Electris-encephalo-Graphy)
 Wada Test (Amysal Test)
 Direct Physiology Technique (Direct Physiology Technique)
 Brain-Bypass Technique
 There are several other ways to demonstrate this localization
theory, including the following:
 Electric Stimulus Technique
 Techniques of differences in Brain Anatomy
 How to see the brain with PET (positron emission tomography)
 Male brain size is greater than 10-15% of female brains.
 The female brain has a different function than the male brain.
 The female brain has more neurons than the male brain, this is attributed
to women who are able to use both hemispheres when reading or doing
other verbal activities. Whereas men only use one side (usually the left).
It can be concluded that women are more agile about verbal than men.
 The ability of women to combine many cognitive aspects of thinking. Not
just ratios, but emotions and instincts are also involved. Some say this is
emotional intelligence, or even female intuition. This intuitive ability
seems to make women not firm in making decisions. However, actually
they are more sensitive and can see things that are not visible to men.
This causes women not to see things as they are like men.
 Women's vision is sharper than men. So does hearing. So no wonder why
women are more sensitive at night can wake up when they hear the cry
of the baby.
 Women have sharper memories than men. Because women remember
more details, associations, and personal experiences than men.

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Compiled:

1) Dian Apriyanti (1688203011)

Lecturer :M. Mukhlas, M.Pd

English Education Study Program

6 Inferior Coliculi (Below) Involved in hearing

7 Reticular activation system It is important to control consciousness (sleep awake),

 If the input is in oral form, then the sounds

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