Switching Technologies

Switching technology
 In large networks, there can be multiple paths from

sender to receiver. The switching technique will decide
the best route for data transmission.
 Switching technique is used to connect the systems for
making one-to-one communication.
 Switching technologies
 Circuit switching
 Packet switching
Circuit switching
 Circuit switching is a switching technique that establishes a dedicated
path between sender and receiver.(end-end)
 In the Circuit Switching Technique, once the connection is established
then the dedicated path will remain to exist until the connection is
terminated.
Communication through circuit switching has 3
phases:
 Circuit establishment
 Data transfer
 Circuit Disconnect
Circuit switching
Advantages Of Circuit Switching:
 In the case of Circuit Switching technique, the
communication channel is dedicated.
 It has fixed bandwidth.
Disadvantages Of Circuit Switching:

 Long initial delay occurs when circuit establishment takes
place
 It is more expensive than other switching techniques as a
dedicated path is required for each connection
Circuit switching
 It is inefficient to use because once the path is established
and no data is transferred, then the capacity of the path is
wasted.
 In this case, the connection is dedicated therefore no other
data can be transferred even if the channel is free.
Circuit switching
 Developed for voice traffic (public telephone network) but
can also applied to data traffic.
• For voice connections, the resulting circuit will enjoy a high
percentage of utilization because most of the time one party or
the other is talking
Packet switching
 The packet switching is a switching technique in which the message is
sent in one go, but it is divided into smaller pieces.
 The message splits into smaller pieces known as packets and packets
are given a unique number to identify their order at the receiving end.
 Every packet contains some information in its headers such as source
address, destination address and sequence number.
 Packets will travel across the network, taking the shortest path as
possible.
 If any packet is missing or corrupted, then the message will be sent to
resend the message.
Packet switching
 Store And Forward

• On each switching node, packets are received, stored briefly
(buffered) and passed on to the next node.
Packet switching-advantage
 Reliable: If any node is busy, then the packets can be
rerouted. This ensures that the Packet Switching technique
provides reliable communication.
 Packets are queued up and transmitted as fast as possible
 Efficient: Packet Switching is an efficient technique. It
does not require any established path prior to the
transmission, and many users can use the same
communication channel simultaneously, hence makes use
of available bandwidth very efficiently.
Packet switching
 On each node, packets with higher priority can be forwarded first.
They will experience less delay than lower-priority packets.
 Packets are sent out to the network sequentially, one at a time
 How will the network handle this stream of packets as it attempts to
route them through the network and deliver them to the intended
destination?
• Two approaches
» Datagram approach
» Virtual circuit approach

datagram
 It is a packet switching technology in which packet is known as a
datagram, is considered as an independent entity. Each packet contains
the information about the destination and switch uses this information
to forward the packet to the correct destination.
 The packets are reassembled at the receiving end in out of order.
 In Datagram Packet Switching technique, the path is not fixed.
Intermediate nodes take the routing decisions to forward the
packets.
 Datagram Packet Switching is also known as connectionless
switching.
 Packets may go missing.It is up to the receiver to re-order
packets and recover from missing packets.
Virtual circuit approach
 Virtual Circuit Switching is also known as connection-
oriented switching.
 In the case of Virtual circuit switching, a preplanned route
is established before the messages are sent , then all
packets follow the same route.
 Virtual Circuit ID is provided by switches/routers to
uniquely identify this virtual connection
 In this case, the path is fixed for the duration of a logical
connection.
Datagram and virtual
Datagram approach Virtual Circuit approach
 Congestion cannot occur as  Congestion can occur when
all the packets travel in the node is busy, and it does
different directions. not allow other packets to
 It is more flexible as all the pass through.
packets are treated as an  It is not very flexible.
independent entity.  If a node fails, all virtual
 If a node fails, packets may circuits that pass through
find an alternate route that node fail.
Circuit switching Packet switching
 In circuit switching there are 3  In Packet switching directly
phases data transfer takes place .
i) Connection Establishment.
ii) Data Transfer.
 In Packet switching, each
iii) Connection Released. data unit just know the final
 In circuit switching, each data
destination address
unit know the entire path intermediate path is decided
address which is provided by the by the routers.
source  Packet switching is less
 Circuit switching is more reliable.
reliable.  It is a store and forward
 It is not a store and forward technique.
technique
Circuit switching Packet switching
 Transmission of the data is  Transmission of the data is
done by the source done not only by the source,
 Congestion can occur during but also by the intermediate
connection establishment routers.
time, there might be a case  Congestion can occur during
will requesting for channel data transfer phase, large
the channel is already number of packets comes in
occupied. no time

Switching Technologies

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Switching technology

 In large networks, there can be multiple paths from

Disadvantages Of Circuit Switching:

 Store And Forward

» Virtual circuit approach

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