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    Structure of Complex Systems

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    Pentela Gopi Chand
    1. Complex systems are hierarchical with interrelated subsystems and components. The choice of primitive components is arbitrary. 2. Intra-component linkages are stronger than inter-component linkages, separating high and low-frequency dynamics. 3. Hierarchic systems are composed of a few different subsystem types in various arrangements. Complex systems evolve from simple systems that work.

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    Structure of Complex Systems

    Uploaded by

    Pentela Gopi Chand
    1K views15 pages
    1. Complex systems are hierarchical with interrelated subsystems and components. The choice of primitive components is arbitrary. 2. Intra-component linkages are stronger than inter-component linkages, separating high and low-frequency dynamics. 3. Hierarchic systems are composed of a few different subsystem types in various arrangements. Complex systems evolve from simple systems that work.

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    1. Complex systems are hierarchical with interrelated subsystems and components. The choice of primitive components is arbitrary. 2. Intra-component linkages are stronger than inter-component linkages, separating high and low-frequency dynamics. 3. Hierarchic systems are composed of a few different subsystem types in various arrangements. Complex systems evolve from simple systems that work.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    1K views15 pages

    Structure of Complex Systems

    Uploaded by

    Pentela Gopi Chand
    1. Complex systems are hierarchical with interrelated subsystems and components. The choice of primitive components is arbitrary. 2. Intra-component linkages are stronger than inter-component linkages, separating high and low-frequency dynamics. 3. Hierarchic systems are composed of a few different subsystem types in various arrangements. Complex systems evolve from simple systems that work.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 15

    Structure of Complex

    Systems
    The Five Attributes of a
    Complex System
    1."Frequently, complexity takes the form of a
    hierarchy, whereby a complex system is composed
    of interrelated subsystems that have in turn their
    own subsystems, and so on, until some lowest
    level of elementary components is reached"
    2. The choice of what components in a system are
    primitive is relatively arbitrary and is largely up to
    the discretion of the observer of the system.
    3. “Intra-component linkages are generally
    stronger than intercommoning linkages. This fact
    has the effect of separating the high-frequency
    dynamics of the components - involving the
    internal structure of the components - from the
    low-frequency dynamics - involving interaction
    among components"
    4. "Hierarchic systems are usually composed of
    only a few different kinds of subsystems in
    various combinations and arrangements "
    5. “A complex system that works is invariably
    found to have evolved from a simple system that
    worked.... A complex system designed from
    scratch never works and cannot be patched up to
    make it work. You have to start over, beginning
    with a working simple system"
    Organized and Disorganized
    Complexity
    The Canonical Form of a Complex System
    The discovery of common abstractions
    and mechanisms greatly facilitates our
    understanding of complex systems.
    • Combining the concept of the class and
    object structure together with the five
    attributes of a complex system, we find that
    virtually all complex systems take en the same
    (canonical) form.
    The Role of Decomposition
    • As Dijkstra suggests, “The technique of
    mastering complexity has been known since
    ancient times: divide et impera (divide and
    rule)"
    • When designing a complex software system, it
    is essential to decompose it into smaller and
    smaller parts, each of which we may then
    refine independently
    Two Types:
    • Algorithmic Decomposition
    • Object oriented Decomposition
    Algorithmic Decomposition
    Object-Oriented
    Decomposition
    Algorithmic versus Object-
    Oriented Decomposition
     The algorithmic view highlights the ordering of
    events.
     The object-oriented view emphasizes the agents
    that either cause action or are the subjects
    upon which these operations act.
     The fact remains that we cannot construct a
    complex system in both ways simultaneously,
    for they are completely orthogonal views
    Advantages of Object Oriented
    Decomposition
    Object-oriented decomposition has a number of highly
    significant advantages over algorithmic decomposition.
     Object-oriented decomposition yields smaller systems
    through the reuse of common mechanisms, thus
    providing an important economy of expression.
     Object-oriented systems are also more resilient to change
    and thus better able to evolve over time, because their
    design is based upon stable intermediate forms.
     Indeed, object-oriented decomposition greatly reduces the
    risk of building complex software systems, because they
    are designed to evolve incrementally from smaller
    systems in which we already have confidence.
     Object-oriented decomposition directly addresses the
    inherent complexity of software by helping us make
    intelligent decisions regarding the separation of concerns
    in a large state space.

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