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    ATM, Frame Relay

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    Anonymous GAKeM1PGV
    This document provides an overview of ATM and Frame Relay technologies. It describes how ATM uses fixed size cells and establishes virtual connections to provide quality of service guarantees. Key aspects of ATM covered include the protocol architecture, logical connections, cell structure, service categories, and adaptation layer. Frame Relay is also introduced as being more efficient than X.25 but less capable than ATM for high-speed networks.

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    ATM, Frame Relay

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    Anonymous GAKeM1PGV
    11 views19 pages
    This document provides an overview of ATM and Frame Relay technologies. It describes how ATM uses fixed size cells and establishes virtual connections to provide quality of service guarantees. Key aspects of ATM covered include the protocol architecture, logical connections, cell structure, service categories, and adaptation layer. Frame Relay is also introduced as being more efficient than X.25 but less capable than ATM for high-speed networks.

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    This document provides an overview of ATM and Frame Relay technologies. It describes how ATM uses fixed size cells and establishes virtual connections to provide quality of service guarantees. Key aspects of ATM covered include the protocol architecture, logical connections, cell structure, service categories, and adaptation layer. Frame Relay is also introduced as being more efficient than X.25 but less capable than ATM for high-speed networks.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    11 views19 pages

    ATM, Frame Relay

    Uploaded by

    Anonymous GAKeM1PGV
    This document provides an overview of ATM and Frame Relay technologies. It describes how ATM uses fixed size cells and establishes virtual connections to provide quality of service guarantees. Key aspects of ATM covered include the protocol architecture, logical connections, cell structure, service categories, and adaptation layer. Frame Relay is also introduced as being more efficient than X.25 but less capable than ATM for high-speed networks.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 19

    Chapter 11.

    ATM and Frame Relay

    • Overview of ATM
    • Protocol Architecture
    • ATM Logical Connections
    • ATM Cells
    • ATM Service Categories
    • ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL)
    • Cell Transmission
    • Frame Relay
    Spring, 2003 EE 4272
    ATM: Cell Switching
    • ATM: a method of packet switching
    • A virtual circuit packet switching technique with QoS
    guarantee.
    • Used in both WAN and LAN settings
    • Signaling (connection setup) Protocol: Q.2931
    • Packets of small fixed size are called cells
     5-byte header + 48-byte payload
    • Similarities between ATM and other packet switching
     Transfer data of packets
     Multiple logical connections over single physical interface

    Spring, 2003 EE 4272


    Protocol Architecture

    • User plane: Provides for


    user information transfer
    • Control plane: Call and
    connection control
    • Management plane
     Plane management:
    whole system functions
     Layer management:
    Resources and parameters
    in protocol entities
    • AAL layer: interface
    between other transfer
    protocol & ATM

    Spring, 2003 EE 4272


    ATM Logical Connections
    • Virtual channel connections (VCC) : Basic unit of switching
    between two end users
     Full duplex; Fixed size cells

    • Virtual path connection (VPC): Bundle of VCC with same


    end points

    Spring, 2003 EE 4272


    Advantages of Virtual Paths (VP) & Virtual Channels (VC)

    • Two-level hierarchy of
    virtual connection: many
    VC are inside one VP, ATM
    along that VP behave as if
    there is only one connection.
    Less connection-state
    information stored in the
    ATMs. The VCI is unique
    locally inside the same VP.

    • Simplified network
    architecture

    • Reduced processing &


    Short connection setup time

    Spring, 2003 EE 4272


    Virtual Channel Connection Uses

    • Between end users


     End to end user data
     Control signals
     VPC provides overall capacity
     VCC organization done by end users
    • Between end user and network
     Control signaling
    • Between network entities
     Network traffic management
     Routing

    Spring, 2003 EE 4272


    ATM Cells
    • Fixed size: 5 bytes
    header; 48 bytes data

    • Small cells reduce


    queuing delay for high
    priority cells

    • Easier to implement
    switching of fixed size
    cells in hardware

    Spring, 2003 EE 4272


    Variable vs Fixed-Length Packets

    • Fixed-Length Easier to Switch in Hardware


     Hardware to do simple jobs: processing packet is simpler if
    you know their size.

    • No Optimal Length :
     if small: high header-to-data overhead
     if large: low resource utilization
     Compromise: 48 bytes = (32+64)/2

    Spring, 2003 EE 4272


    Header Format

    • Generic flow control (GFC)


     Only at user to network interface
     Controls flow only at this point
    • Virtual path identifier (VPI)
    • Virtual channel identifier (VCI)
    • Payload type (PT)
     e.g. user info or network management
    • Cell loss priority (CLP)
    • Header error control (CRC-8)

    Spring, 2003 EE 4272


    ATM Service Categories

    • Real time: Amount of delay & Variation of delay (jitter)


     Constant bit rate (CBR): e.g., uncompressed audio and video
     Real time variable bit rate (rt-VBR) : e.g. compressed video
     Can statistically multiplex connections
    • Non-real time: overall data transmission rate
     Non-real time variable bit rate (nrt-VBR): e.g. critical web
    transaction such as bank trans.
     Available bit rate (ABR): Application specifies peak cell rate
    (PCR) and minimum cell rate (MCR); Spare capacity shared among
    all ABR sources
     Unspecified bit rate (UBR) -> best-effort service:
    e.g.text/data/image transfer

    Spring, 2003 EE 4272


    ATM Bit Rate Services

    Spring, 2003 EE 4272


    ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL)

    • Support for information transfer protocol not based


    on ATM
     Supported Application types
     General data service
     IP over ATM
     Multiprotocol encapsulation over ATM (MPOA)
    • AAL Service
     Segmentation and re-assembly
     Handle transmission errors
     Handle lost and misinserted cells
     Flow control and timing

    Spring, 2003 EE 4272


    Segmentation and Reassembly
    • ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL): 4 types by ITU
     AAL 1 and 2 designed for applications that need guaranteed
    bit rate: e.g., voice, video
     AAL 3/4 designed for packet data ( connection-oriented such
    as X.25, or connectionless such as IP)
     AAL 5 is an alternative standard for packet data
    Variable-length
    protocols (e.g., IP)

    AAL AAL

    … …
    ATM ATM
    Information needed
    for reassemble @
    destination

    Spring, 2003 EE 4272


    Transmission of ATM Cells

    • ATM Data Rate:


     622.08Mbps
     155.52Mbps
     51.84Mbps
     25.6Mbps
    • Physical Layers for ATM
     Run over several different physical media & physical-layer
    protocols (e.g., SONET, FDDI, wireless physical layers).
     The standard ways of carrying ATM cells inside a
    SONET/SDH frame have been defined

    Spring, 2003 EE 4272


    STM-1 Payload for SDH-Based ATM Cell Transmission

    Spring, 2003 EE 4272


    ATM is in danger?!

    • In LAN network, it competes with Gigabit Ethernet

    • In WAN network, it competes with IP

    • Many of its innovations in high-speed switching, traffic


    management, and QoS will survive in an IP-networking
    framework

    Spring, 2003 EE 4272


    Frame Relay

    • Designed to be more efficient than X.25


    • Developed before ATM
    • Larger installed base than ATM
    • ATM now of more interest on high speed networks

    Spring, 2003 EE 4272


    Frame Relay Background - X.25

    • Call control packets, in band signaling


    • Multiplexing of virtual circuits at layer 3 (routing)
    • Both layer 2 and 3 include flow and error control
    • Considerable overhead
    • Not appropriate for modern digital systems with high
    reliability (e.g. optical transmission with less errors)

    Spring, 2003 EE 4272


    Frame Relay – Differences with X.25
    • Call control carried in separate logical connection
    (recall common channel signaling)
    • Multiplexing and switching at layer 2
    • No hop-by-hop (link layer) error or flow control
    • End to end flow and error control (if used) are done
    by higher layer (layer 3 or above)
    • Single user data frame sent from source to
    destination and ACK (from higher layer) sent back
    • ITU-T recommend frame relay above 2Mbps

    Spring, 2003 EE 4272

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