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    Degree of Predicate

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    Franciska Xaveria
    The document discusses predicate degree and changes in verb valency. It defines predicate degree as the number of arguments in a simple declarative sentence. Sentences with 1, 2, or 3 arguments are given as examples of degree one, two, and three predicates. Valency changing operations like passive, antipassive, reflexive, and causative are described. Passive deletes the subject and promotes the object to subject. Causative indicates that a subject causes something else to happen.

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    Degree of Predicate

    Uploaded by

    Franciska Xaveria
    624 views18 pages
    The document discusses predicate degree and changes in verb valency. It defines predicate degree as the number of arguments in a simple declarative sentence. Sentences with 1, 2, or 3 arguments are given as examples of degree one, two, and three predicates. Valency changing operations like passive, antipassive, reflexive, and causative are described. Passive deletes the subject and promotes the object to subject. Causative indicates that a subject causes something else to happen.

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    The document discusses predicate degree and changes in verb valency. It defines predicate degree as the number of arguments in a simple declarative sentence. Sentences with 1, 2, or 3 arguments are given as examples of degree one, two, and three predicates. Valency changing operations like passive, antipassive, reflexive, and causative are described. Passive deletes the subject and promotes the object to subject. Causative indicates that a subject causes something else to happen.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    624 views18 pages

    Degree of Predicate

    Uploaded by

    Franciska Xaveria
    The document discusses predicate degree and changes in verb valency. It defines predicate degree as the number of arguments in a simple declarative sentence. Sentences with 1, 2, or 3 arguments are given as examples of degree one, two, and three predicates. Valency changing operations like passive, antipassive, reflexive, and causative are described. Passive deletes the subject and promotes the object to subject. Causative indicates that a subject causes something else to happen.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 18

    PREDICATE

    AND
    CHANGES OF
    VALENCY
    GROUP 6 :

    Shabrina Nur Husna


    Elisadora
    Franciska Xaveria
    Zaiim Muhtadi
    Degree of Predicate

    A number indicating the number of


    arguments in a simple declarative
    sentence
    HE SNEEZED
    DEGREE ONE OF PREDICATE Argument : He
    Predicate : Sneeze

    I LOVE HIM
    DEGREE TWO OF PREDICATE Argument : I and Him
    Predicate : Love

    THE TEACHER GIVES ME A CARD


    DEGREE THREE OF PREDICATE Argument : The teacher, Me and Card
    Predicate : Give
    Practice!
    How many referring expression are there in
    sentence and on what degree is the predicate!
    Thornbury sneezed Degree 1

    Keith hits the parrot Degree 2

    Herod gave Salome a nice present Degree 3

    Philip is handsome Degree 1

    John is a corporal Degree 1


    Transitivity Intransitivity
    Followed by one or more direct
    Not followed by diret object
    object

    Rivers flow
    We watch a movie last night I sneezed
    She is making promises My dog ran
    Changes of Valency

    Most of languages provide a means


    to change the valency of verbs. And
    there are two ways to change the
    valency of a verb.
    Decreasing Increasing

    Passive Causative

    Anti
    passive Applicative

    Reflexive

    Reciprocal

    Noun
    incorporation

    General
    middle
    VALENCY-DECREASING
    OPERATION
    PASSIVE

    • Deleting the Subject


    Definition • Promoting the Object to be a Subject

    • Don is cooking dinner


    Example • Dinner is being cooked (by Don)
    ANTIPASSIVE

    • Has the same construction as passive in decreasing valency


    Definition • The antipassive deleting the Object

    • Don is crushing a soda can


    Example • Don is crushing ( O is omitted)
    REFLEXIVE

    • Agent and patient has the same identity


    Definition • In English signed by –self and –selves which refers to the
    previous noun

    • She saw herself


    Example • He threw himself to the floor
    RECIPROCAL

    • Marks a particular relationship between two nouns


    Definition • In English generally uses each other to indicate reciprocity

    • John cuts Mary’s hair. Mary cuts John’s


    Example • John and Mary cut each other’s hair
    NOUN INCORPORATION

    • A process in word formation, created by compounding a


    Definition Noun to a Verb

    • I have to baby-sit the neighbor kid


    Example
    MIDDLE VOICE

    Definition • It is said to be in the middle between active and passive voice

    • The house is building


    Example • The house is being build
    VALENCY-INCREASING
    OPERATION
    CAUSATIVE
    • Indicate that a subject either causes someone or something
    Definition else to do something

    Terminology • Underlying, Derive, Causer, Causee

    • He entered the house


    Example • I made him enter the house
    APPLICATIVE

    • Is a grammatical voice that promotes an oblique argument of


    Definition a verb to the core objet argument.

    • Jack ran faster than the giant


    Example • Jack outran the giant
    • The giant was outrun by Jack
    THANK YOU

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